Sick individuals and sick populations
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Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinant of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate: if exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it.Abstract:
Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinants of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate. If exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it: they will only identify markers of susceptibility. The corresponding strategies in control are the 'high-risk' approach, which seeks to protect susceptible individuals, and the population approach, which seeks to control the causes of incidence. The two approaches are not usually in competition, but the prior concern should always be to discover and control the causes of incidence.read more
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A dietary intervention in primary care practice : The eating patterns study
Shirley A.A. Beresford,Susan J. Curry,Alan R. Kristal,DeAnn Lazovich,Ziding Feng,Edward H. Wagner +5 more
TL;DR: This low-intensity intervention in primary care practice in lowering dietary fat intake and raising dietary fiber intake was effective in dietary behavior change.
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Long-Term Urban Particulate Air Pollution, Traffic Noise, and Arterial Blood Pressure
Kateryna Fuks,Susanne Moebus,Sabine Hertel,Anja Viehmann,Michael R. Nonnemacher,Nico Dragano,Stefan Möhlenkamp,Hermann Jakobs,Christoph Kessler,Raimund Erbel,Barbara Hoffmann +10 more
TL;DR: This finding supports the hypothesis that long-term PM exposure may promote atherosclerosis, with air-pollution–induced increases in BP being one possible biological pathway.
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Prevention of stroke: a strategic global imperative
Valery L. Feigin,Bo Norrving,Mary G. George,Jennifer L. Foltz,Gregory A. Roth,George A. Mensah +5 more
TL;DR: Given the already immense and fast-increasing burden of stroke and other major noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), which threatens worldwide sustainability, governments of all countries should develop and implement an emergency action plan addressing the primary prevention of NCDs.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Biopsychosocial Model Thirty Years Later
TL;DR: The biopsychosocial model is identified as a more complete conceptual framework to guide clinicians in their everyday work with patients and was found to play a protective role in the dynamic balance between health and disease outlined by Engel.
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Cortical porosity identifies women with osteopenia at increased risk for forearm fractures.
Yohann Bala,Roger Zebaze,Ali Ghasem-Zadeh,Elizabeth J. Atkinson,Sandra Iuliano,James M. Peterson,Shreyasee Amin,Åshild Bjørnerem,L. Joseph Melton,Helena Johansson,John A. Kanis,Sundeep Khosla,Ego Seeman +12 more
TL;DR: In women with osteoporosis, porosity is captured by aBMD, so measuring UDR cortical porosity does not improve diagnostic sensitivity, but in womenWith osteopenia, cortex porosity was associated with forearm fractures and high porosity did not distinguish those with fractures from those without.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Strategy of prevention: lessons from cardiovascular disease.
TL;DR: In this article, two types of preventive measures are proposed; the first consists in the removal of an unnatural factor and the restoration of biological normality as the reduction of intake of saturated fats would be in the case of heart disease; the second does not consist of removing a supposed cause of disease but in adding some other factors in the hope of conferring protection as a high intake of polyunsaturated fat and of long-term medication would be for heart disease.
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A Co-operative trial in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease using clofibrate: Report1 from the Committee of Principal Investigators
M.F. Oliver,J. A. Heady,J.N. Morris,J. Cooper,H. Geizerova,I. Gyarfas,Green K,T. Strasser,W. G. Macfie,E. Scott,M. Czukas,J. Duba,E. Ostor,D. Grafnetter,Z. Hejil,Z. Pisa,K. Uemura,G. Lamm,J. M. Thorp +18 more
TL;DR: A double-blind intervention trial to test the hypothesis that the incidence of ischaemic heart disease in middle-aged men can be reduced by lowering raised serum cholesterol levels found men with a substantial reduction of cholesterol concentration, who smoked, and also had above average blood pressure levels showed the most benefit.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among middle-aged male Civil Servants. A study of screening and intervention.
TL;DR: In this paper, a screening survey for cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among 18,403 male Civil Servants aged 40-64 years, representing a 77% response of those eligible.
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How well can we predict coronary heart disease? Findings in the United Kingdom Heart Disease Prevention Project.
TL;DR: Although a group of subjects at high risk can be identified, among whom will be a high proportion of potential victims of heart attack, many subjects will be wrongly classified and highlight the need for research to improve the prediction of the development of coronary heart disease.
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British Regional Heart Study: geographic variations in cardiovascular mortality, and the role of water quality.
TL;DR: A negative relation existed between water hardness and cardiovascular mortality, although climate and socioeconomic conditions also appeared to be important influences.
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European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Version 2012)
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