Sick individuals and sick populations
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Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinant of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate: if exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it.Abstract:
Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinants of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate. If exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it: they will only identify markers of susceptibility. The corresponding strategies in control are the 'high-risk' approach, which seeks to protect susceptible individuals, and the population approach, which seeks to control the causes of incidence. The two approaches are not usually in competition, but the prior concern should always be to discover and control the causes of incidence.read more
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Risk Factors for Tuberculosis
TL;DR: Emerging variables such as diabetes, indoor air pollution, alcohol, use of immunosuppressive drugs, and tobacco smoke play a significant role at both the individual and population level and specific groups such as health care workers and indigenous population are at an increased risk of TB infection and disease.
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Estimation of contribution of changes in coronary care to improving survival, event rates, and coronary heart disease mortality across the WHO MONICA Project populations
Hugh Tunstall-Pedoe,Diego Vanuzzo,Michael Hobbs,Mähönen M,Zygimantas Cepaitis,Kari Kuulasmaa,Ulrich Keil +6 more
TL;DR: Changes in coronary care and secondary prevention were strongly linked with declining coronary endpoints.
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Treatment with drugs to lower blood pressure and blood cholesterol based on an individual's absolute cardiovascular risk.
TL;DR: The rationale for targeting blood pressure and blood cholesterol lowering drug treatments to patients at high absolute cardiovascular risk, irrespective of their blood pressure or blood cholesterol levels is outlined.
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Dietary Intake Among US Adults, 1999-2012
TL;DR: In nationally representative US surveys conducted between 1999 and 2012, several improvements in self-reported dietary habits were identified, with additional findings suggesting persistent or worsening disparities based on race/ethnicity, education level, and income level.
Journal ArticleDOI
Association between low functional health literacy and mortality in older adults: longitudinal cohort study.
Sophie Bostock,Andrew Steptoe +1 more
TL;DR: A third of older adults in England have difficulties reading and understanding basic health related written information, which has implications for the design and delivery of health related services for older Adults in England.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Strategy of prevention: lessons from cardiovascular disease.
TL;DR: In this article, two types of preventive measures are proposed; the first consists in the removal of an unnatural factor and the restoration of biological normality as the reduction of intake of saturated fats would be in the case of heart disease; the second does not consist of removing a supposed cause of disease but in adding some other factors in the hope of conferring protection as a high intake of polyunsaturated fat and of long-term medication would be for heart disease.
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A Co-operative trial in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease using clofibrate: Report1 from the Committee of Principal Investigators
M.F. Oliver,J. A. Heady,J.N. Morris,J. Cooper,H. Geizerova,I. Gyarfas,Green K,T. Strasser,W. G. Macfie,E. Scott,M. Czukas,J. Duba,E. Ostor,D. Grafnetter,Z. Hejil,Z. Pisa,K. Uemura,G. Lamm,J. M. Thorp +18 more
TL;DR: A double-blind intervention trial to test the hypothesis that the incidence of ischaemic heart disease in middle-aged men can be reduced by lowering raised serum cholesterol levels found men with a substantial reduction of cholesterol concentration, who smoked, and also had above average blood pressure levels showed the most benefit.
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Cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among middle-aged male Civil Servants. A study of screening and intervention.
TL;DR: In this paper, a screening survey for cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among 18,403 male Civil Servants aged 40-64 years, representing a 77% response of those eligible.
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How well can we predict coronary heart disease? Findings in the United Kingdom Heart Disease Prevention Project.
TL;DR: Although a group of subjects at high risk can be identified, among whom will be a high proportion of potential victims of heart attack, many subjects will be wrongly classified and highlight the need for research to improve the prediction of the development of coronary heart disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
British Regional Heart Study: geographic variations in cardiovascular mortality, and the role of water quality.
TL;DR: A negative relation existed between water hardness and cardiovascular mortality, although climate and socioeconomic conditions also appeared to be important influences.
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