Sick individuals and sick populations
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Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinant of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate: if exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it.Abstract:
Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinants of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate. If exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it: they will only identify markers of susceptibility. The corresponding strategies in control are the 'high-risk' approach, which seeks to protect susceptible individuals, and the population approach, which seeks to control the causes of incidence. The two approaches are not usually in competition, but the prior concern should always be to discover and control the causes of incidence.read more
Citations
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Hand dermatitis in a prospectively-followed cohort of hairdressing apprentices: final results of the POSH study. Prevention of occupational skin disease in hairdressers.
TL;DR: An observational prospective population‐based cohort study set in vocational training schools in northwest Germany, recruiting 2352 hairdressing apprentices, found that improving working conditions and skin protection for all exposed appears to be the most beneficial.
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An epidemiologic assessment of genomic profiling for measuring susceptibility to common diseases and targeting interventions.
TL;DR: To assess the value of genomic profiling, well-designed epidemiologic studies are needed to quantify disease risks, in addition to costs, benefits, and risks for testing and interventions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Stages of change or changes of stage? Predicting transitions in transtheoretical model stages in relation to healthy food choice
TL;DR: Longitudinal analyses revealed that sociodemographic, TTM, and theory of planned behavior (TPB) variables, as well as theory-driven interventions, predicted transitions between most stages of change.
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Reducing emergency admissions: are we on the right track?
Martin Roland,Gary A. Abel +1 more
TL;DR: Most attempts to reduce emergency hospital admissions are focused on people at high risk, but the misconceptions behind this approach are highlighted.
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Estimation of Newborn Risk for Child or Adolescent Obesity: Lessons from Longitudinal Birth Cohorts
Anita Morandi,Anita Morandi,David Meyre,David Meyre,Stéphane Lobbens,Ken Kleinman,Marika Kaakinen,Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman,Vincent Vatin,Stefan Gaget,Anneli Pouta,Anneli Pouta,Anna-Liisa Hartikainen,Jaana Laitinen,Aimo Ruokonen,Shikta Das,Anokhi Ali Khan,Paul Elliott,Claudio Maffeis,Matthew W. Gillman,Marjo-Riitta Järvelin,Philippe Froguel,Philippe Froguel +22 more
TL;DR: This study provides the first example of handy tools for predicting childhood obesity in newborns by means of easily recorded information, while it shows that currently known genetic variants have very little usefulness for such prediction.
References
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Strategy of prevention: lessons from cardiovascular disease.
TL;DR: In this article, two types of preventive measures are proposed; the first consists in the removal of an unnatural factor and the restoration of biological normality as the reduction of intake of saturated fats would be in the case of heart disease; the second does not consist of removing a supposed cause of disease but in adding some other factors in the hope of conferring protection as a high intake of polyunsaturated fat and of long-term medication would be for heart disease.
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A Co-operative trial in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease using clofibrate: Report1 from the Committee of Principal Investigators
M.F. Oliver,J. A. Heady,J.N. Morris,J. Cooper,H. Geizerova,I. Gyarfas,Green K,T. Strasser,W. G. Macfie,E. Scott,M. Czukas,J. Duba,E. Ostor,D. Grafnetter,Z. Hejil,Z. Pisa,K. Uemura,G. Lamm,J. M. Thorp +18 more
TL;DR: A double-blind intervention trial to test the hypothesis that the incidence of ischaemic heart disease in middle-aged men can be reduced by lowering raised serum cholesterol levels found men with a substantial reduction of cholesterol concentration, who smoked, and also had above average blood pressure levels showed the most benefit.
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Cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among middle-aged male Civil Servants. A study of screening and intervention.
TL;DR: In this paper, a screening survey for cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among 18,403 male Civil Servants aged 40-64 years, representing a 77% response of those eligible.
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How well can we predict coronary heart disease? Findings in the United Kingdom Heart Disease Prevention Project.
TL;DR: Although a group of subjects at high risk can be identified, among whom will be a high proportion of potential victims of heart attack, many subjects will be wrongly classified and highlight the need for research to improve the prediction of the development of coronary heart disease.
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British Regional Heart Study: geographic variations in cardiovascular mortality, and the role of water quality.
TL;DR: A negative relation existed between water hardness and cardiovascular mortality, although climate and socioeconomic conditions also appeared to be important influences.
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