Sick individuals and sick populations
Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinant of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate: if exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it.Abstract:
Aetiology confronts two distinct issues: the determinants of individual cases, and the determinants of incidence rate. If exposure to a necessary agent is homogeneous within a population, then case/control and cohort methods will fail to detect it: they will only identify markers of susceptibility. The corresponding strategies in control are the 'high-risk' approach, which seeks to protect susceptible individuals, and the population approach, which seeks to control the causes of incidence. The two approaches are not usually in competition, but the prior concern should always be to discover and control the causes of incidence.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
The influence of school culture on smoking among pupils
Paul Aveyard,Wolfgang A. Markham,Emma R Lancashire,Alison Bullock,Christine MacArthur,Kar Keung Cheng,Harry Daniels +6 more
TL;DR: It is hypothesised that school-level educational achievement scores would not be associated with smoking prevalence, but schools providing value-added education given the social background of pupils (authoritative schools) would provide effective support and control, have a relatively strong influence on pupils' lives and beassociated with lower than average smoking prevalence.
Journal ArticleDOI
Leveraging social influence to address overweight and obesity using agent-based models: the role of adolescent social networks
TL;DR: Social network dynamics and the strength of peer influence and the proportion of network member (agents) becoming overweight over a simulated year are hypothesized and strengthening peer influence may be a useful strategy in low-obesity populations.
Journal ArticleDOI
The fetal origins of adult disease: a narrative review of the epidemiological literature.
TL;DR: It is concluded that much of the research literature on the FOAD-hypothesis finds support for the hypothesis, and should be considered a major insight and constitutes a complement to a focus on genetic and more proximal factors (such as adult lifestyle) as causes of adult disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Influence of family, friend and coworker social support and social undermining on weight gain prevention among adults
TL;DR: Investigation of longitudinal associations between sources of social support and social undermining for healthy eating and physical activity and weight change finds associations are weak in both the positive and the negative.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology A Journey From the Past Into the Future
TL;DR: In the late 1940s, there were forerunners, but, as always with the birth of creative ideas, there will remain some mystery around the reasons for this explosive development; it led within 30 years to coronary heart disease (CHD) becoming a largely preventable condition.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Strategy of prevention: lessons from cardiovascular disease.
TL;DR: In this article, two types of preventive measures are proposed; the first consists in the removal of an unnatural factor and the restoration of biological normality as the reduction of intake of saturated fats would be in the case of heart disease; the second does not consist of removing a supposed cause of disease but in adding some other factors in the hope of conferring protection as a high intake of polyunsaturated fat and of long-term medication would be for heart disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Co-operative trial in the primary prevention of ischaemic heart disease using clofibrate: Report1 from the Committee of Principal Investigators
M.F. Oliver,J. A. Heady,J.N. Morris,J. Cooper,H. Geizerova,I. Gyarfas,Green K,T. Strasser,W. G. Macfie,E. Scott,M. Czukas,J. Duba,E. Ostor,D. Grafnetter,Z. Hejil,Z. Pisa,K. Uemura,G. Lamm,J. M. Thorp +18 more
TL;DR: A double-blind intervention trial to test the hypothesis that the incidence of ischaemic heart disease in middle-aged men can be reduced by lowering raised serum cholesterol levels found men with a substantial reduction of cholesterol concentration, who smoked, and also had above average blood pressure levels showed the most benefit.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among middle-aged male Civil Servants. A study of screening and intervention.
TL;DR: In this paper, a screening survey for cardiorespiratory disease and diabetes among 18,403 male Civil Servants aged 40-64 years, representing a 77% response of those eligible.
Journal ArticleDOI
How well can we predict coronary heart disease? Findings in the United Kingdom Heart Disease Prevention Project.
TL;DR: Although a group of subjects at high risk can be identified, among whom will be a high proportion of potential victims of heart attack, many subjects will be wrongly classified and highlight the need for research to improve the prediction of the development of coronary heart disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
British Regional Heart Study: geographic variations in cardiovascular mortality, and the role of water quality.
TL;DR: A negative relation existed between water hardness and cardiovascular mortality, although climate and socioeconomic conditions also appeared to be important influences.
Related Papers (5)
European Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Version 2012)
Massimo Piepoli,Arno W. Hoes,Stefan Agewall,Christian Albus,Carlos Brotons,Alberico L. Catapano,Marie Therese Cooney,Ugo Corrà,Bernard Cosyns,Christi Deaton,Ian D. Graham,Michael Stephen Hall,FD Richard Hobbs,Maja Lisa Løchen,Herbert Löllgen,Pedro Marques-Vidal,Joep Perk,Eva Prescott,Josep Redon,Dimitrios J. Richter,Naveed Sattar,Y.M. Smulders,Monica Tiberi,H. Bart van der Worp,Ineke van Dis,W M Monique Verschuren +25 more