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Stem cells: past, present, and future.

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TLDR
A wide variety of possibilities makes this cutting edge therapy a turning point in modern medicine, providing hope for untreatable diseases and challenges that stem cell therapy must overcome to be accepted worldwide.
Abstract
In recent years, stem cell therapy has become a very promising and advanced scientific research topic. The development of treatment methods has evoked great expectations. This paper is a review focused on the discovery of different stem cells and the potential therapies based on these cells. The genesis of stem cells is followed by laboratory steps of controlled stem cell culturing and derivation. Quality control and teratoma formation assays are important procedures in assessing the properties of the stem cells tested. Derivation methods and the utilization of culturing media are crucial to set proper environmental conditions for controlled differentiation. Among many types of stem tissue applications, the use of graphene scaffolds and the potential of extracellular vesicle-based therapies require attention due to their versatility. The review is summarized by challenges that stem cell therapy must overcome to be accepted worldwide. A wide variety of possibilities makes this cutting edge therapy a turning point in modern medicine, providing hope for untreatable diseases.

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Functional Relationship between Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis in Tissue Regeneration.

TL;DR: An overview of the intimate connection between blood vessels and bone formation that appear during bone regeneration when MSCs, their secretome—Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) —and bone substitutes are used in combination is provided.
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Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Applications.

TL;DR: There is now substantial evidence supporting the use of MSC-EVs in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine and further research to establish how best to exploit this approach for societal and economic benefit is warranted.
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Articular Cartilage Regeneration in Osteoarthritis.

TL;DR: This review provides an overview of current regenerative strategies highlighting the pros and cons, challenges and opportunities, and tries to identify areas where future work should be focused in order to advance this field.
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Engineering Multi-Cellular Spheroids for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

TL;DR: Significant roles of functional biomaterials in advanced spheroid engineering with emphasis on the use of spheroids in the reconstruction of artificial 3D tissue for tissue engineering are also thoroughly discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI

Recent Updates of Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment on Osteoarthritis of the Knee.

TL;DR: In this paper, the contents of non-cellular and cellular therapies for OA, and briefly summarized the results of clinical trials for cell-based OA therapy to lay a solid application basis for clinical research.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors.

TL;DR: Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic or adult fibroblasts by introducing four factors, Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4, under ES cell culture conditions is demonstrated and iPS cells, designated iPS, exhibit the morphology and growth properties of ES cells and express ES cell marker genes.
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Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived from Human Blastocysts

TL;DR: Human blastocyst-derived, pluripotent cell lines are described that have normal karyotypes, express high levels of telomerase activity, and express cell surface markers that characterize primate embryonic stem cells but do not characterize other early lineages.
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Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells

TL;DR: It is shown that exosomes contain both mRNA and microRNA, which can be delivered to another cell, and can be functional in this new location, and it is proposed that this RNA is called “exosomal shuttle RNA” (esRNA).
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Postnatal human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in vitro and in vivo

TL;DR: Postnatal human DPSCs are isolated that have the ability to form a dentin/pulp-like complex and are compared with human bone marrow stromal cells, known precursors of osteoblasts.
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Expression of a single transfected cDNA converts fibroblasts to myoblasts.

TL;DR: In this article, the major open reading frame encoded by this cDNA contains a short protein segment similar to a sequence present in the myc protein family, and the expression of one of these cDNAs transfected into C3H10T1/2 fibroblasts, where it is not normally expressed, is sufficient to convert them to stable myoblasts.
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