Showing papers on "Colossal magnetoresistance published in 2008"
TL;DR: This review consists of an overview of grain-boundary-induced low field magnetotransport behavior and prospects for possible applications of CMR manganites.
Abstract: The perovskite manganites with generic formula RE1?xAExMnO3 (RE = rare earth, AE = Ca, Sr, Ba and Pb) have drawn considerable attention, especially following the discovery of colossal magnetoresistance (CMR). The most fundamental property of these materials is strong correlation between structure, transport and magnetic properties. They exhibit extraordinary large magnetoresistance named CMR in the vicinity of the insulator?metal/paramagnetic?ferromagnetic transition at relatively large applied magnetic fields. However, for applied aspects, occurrence of significant CMR at low applied magnetic fields would be required. This review consists of two sections: in the first section we have extensively reviewed the salient features, e.g.?structure, phase diagram, double-exchange mechanism, Jahn?Teller effect, different types of ordering and phase separation of CMR manganites. The second is devoted to an overview of experimental results on CMR and related magnetotransport characteristics at low magnetic fields for various doped manganites having natural grain boundaries such as polycrystalline, nanocrystalline bulk and films, manganite-based composites and intrinsically layered manganites, and artificial grain boundaries such as bicrystal, step-edge and laser-patterned junctions. Some other potential magnetoresistive materials, e.g.?pyrochlores, chalcogenides, ruthenates, diluted magnetic semiconductors, magnetic tunnel junctions, nanocontacts etc, are also briefly dealt with. The review concludes with an overview of grain-boundary-induced low field magnetotransport behavior and prospects for possible applications.
234 citations
TL;DR: The orthorhombic SrIrO3 perovskite was synthesized under 5GPa and 1000°C and was shown to be paramagnetic below about 170K and transferred to an unknown magnetism under higher temperature as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The orthorhombic SrIrO3 perovskite was synthesized under 5GPa and 1000°C. It is paramagnetic below about 170K and transfers to an unknown magnetism under higher temperature. A band type metal to insulator transition caused by a pseudogap was observed at about 44K. Interestingly a positive magnetoresistance, i.e., resistance increased with applying magnetic field, was observed in the orthorhombic SrIrO3 perovskite below about 170K.
135 citations
TL;DR: The CDW-type behaviour of the manganite superstructure suggests that unusual transport and structural properties do not require exotic physics, but could emerge when a well-understood phase (the CDW) coexists with disorder.
Abstract: Stripe and chequerboard phases appear in many metal oxide compounds, and are thought to be linked to exotic behaviour such as high-temperature superconductivity and colossal magnetoresistance. It is therefore extremely important to understand the fundamental nature of such phases. The so-called stripe phase of the manganites has long been interpreted as the localization of charge at atomic sites. Here, we present resistance measurements on La(0.50)Ca(0.50)MnO(3) that strongly suggest that this state is in fact a prototypical charge-density wave (CDW) that undergoes collective transport. Dramatic resistance hysteresis effects and broadband noise properties are observed, both of which are typical of sliding CDW systems. Moreover, the high levels of disorder typical of manganites result in behaviour similar to that of well-known disordered CDW materials. The CDW-type behaviour of the manganite superstructure suggests that unusual transport and structural properties do not require exotic physics, but could emerge when a well-understood phase (the CDW) coexists with disorder.
100 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that by reducing a single crystal manganite thin film to a wire with a width comparable to the mesoscopic phase-separated domains inherent in the material, a second and robust metal-insulator transition peak appears in the resistivity versus temperature measurement.
Abstract: The metal-insulator transition is characterized as a single peak in the temperature-dependent resistivity measurements; exceptions to this have never been seen in any single crystal material system. We show that by reducing a single crystal manganite thin film to a wire with a width comparable to the mesoscopic phase-separated domains inherent in the material, a second and robust metal-insulator transition peak appears in the resistivity versus temperature measurement. This new observation suggests that spatial confinement is a promising route for the discovery of emergent physical phenomena in complex oxides.
99 citations
TL;DR: A new strategy to discover materials with large resistive or capacitive responses to magnetic fields is explored by synthesizing EuMO2N (M = Nb, Ta) perovskites that combine ferromagnetic order of S = 7/2 Eu2+ spins with possible off-center distortions of the d0 M5+ cations enhanced by covalent bonding to N.
Abstract: We have explored a new strategy to discover materials with large resistive or capacitive responses to magnetic fields by synthesizing EuMO2N (M = Nb, Ta) perovskites that combine ferromagnetic order of S = 7/2 Eu2+ spins with possible off-center distortions of the d0 M5+ cations enhanced by covalent bonding to N. EuNbO2N shows colossal magnetoresistances at low temperatures and a giant magnetocapacitance. However, the latter response originates from a microstructural effect rather than an intrinsic multiferroism.
87 citations
TL;DR: Large, high quality single crystals of a new Zintl phase, EuIn(2)As(2), have been synthesized from a reactive indium flux, and both compounds have coincident resistivity and magnetic ordering transitions, consistent with the observation of colossal magnetoresistance.
Abstract: Large, high quality single crystals of a new Zintl phase, EuIn2As2, have been synthesized from a reactive indium flux. EuIn2As2 is isostructural to the recently reported phase EuIn2P2, and it is only the second reported member of the group of compounds with formula AM2X2 (A = alkali, alkaline earth, or rare earth cation; M = transition or post-transition metal; and X = Group 14 or 15 element) that crystallizes in the hexagonal space group P63/mmc (a = 4.2067(3) A, c = 17.889(2) A and Z = 2). The structure type contains layers of A2+ cations separated by [M2X2]2− layers along the crystallographic c-axis. Crystals of the title compound were mounted for magnetic measurements, with the crystallographic c-axis oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the direction of the applied field. The collective magnetization versus temperature and field data indicate two magnetic exchange interactions near 16 K, one involving Eu2+···Eu2+ intralayer coupling and the other involving Eu2+···Eu2+ coupling between layers....
77 citations
TL;DR: Experimental evidence of a nonvolatile electric-pulse-induced insulator-to-metal transition and possible superconductivity in the Mott insulator GaTa4 Se8 is reported.
Abstract: Metal-insulator transitions (MIT) belong to a class of fascinating physical phenomena, which includes superconductivity, and colossal magnetoresistance (CMR), that are associated with drastic modifications of electrical resistance. In transition metal compounds, MIT are often related to the presence of strong electronic correlations that drive the system into a Mott insulator state. In these systems the MIT is usually tuned by electron doping or by applying an external pressure. However, it was noted recently that a Mott insulator should also be sensitive to other external perturbations such as an electric field. We report here the first experimental evidence of a non-volatile electric-pulse-induced insulator-to-metal transition and possible superconductivity in the Mott insulator GaTa4Se8. Our Scanning Tunneling Microscopy experiments show that this unconventional response of the system to short electric pulses arises from a nanometer scale Electronic Phase Separation (EPS) generated in the bulk material.
76 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a generalized framework of disorder-influenced first-order phase transition is introduced to understand the experimental data, which have considerable bearing on the functionality of these model materials.
70 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the presence of localized spins exerts a strong influence on quantum localization in doped semiconductors, and carrier-mediated interactions between the localized spins are modified or...
Abstract: The presence of localized spins exerts a strong influence on quantum localization in doped semiconductors. At the same time carrier-mediated interactions between the localized spins are modified or...
70 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of epitaxial strain on the magnetic and magnetotransport properties of LaAlO{sub 0.67}Sr{sub 1.33}MnO{Sub 3} thin films was studied.
Abstract: The influence of epitaxial strain, in the form of tetragonal distortions, on the magnetic and magnetotransport properties of La{sub 0.67}Sr{sub 0.33}MnO{sub 3} thin films was studied. The tetragonal distortion (c/a ratio) was modulated through the choice of the substrate, ranging from c/a=1.007 on (001)-oriented (LaAlO{sub 3}){sub 0.3}(Sr{sub 2}AlTaO{sub 6}){sub 0.7} substrates to 0.952 on (110)-oriented GdScO{sub 3} substrates. In agreement with previous theoretical predictions, these large values of tensile strain cause the Curie temperature and the saturation magnetization to decrease, alter the temperature dependence of the resistivity and magnetoresistance, and increase the resistivity several orders of magnitude.
69 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the magnetoresistance of organic spin valves containing the spacer layer regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (RR-P3HT), which is a conjugated polymer, has been studied at room temperature.
Abstract: The magnetoresistance (MR) of organic spin valves containing the spacer layer regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (RR-P3HT), which is a conjugated polymer, has been studied at room temperature. Investigations have been made of the influence of the thickness of organic spacer layer on the magnetoresistance of Fe50Co50∕RR-P3HT∕Ni81Fe19 spin valves. It was determined that the MR decreased as the layer thickness increased, consistent with the spin coherence length in this material. It has been observed at room temperature that there is the co-occurrence of two magnetoresistance effects, the spin-valve magnetoresistance, and anisotropic magnetoresistance in the magnetic electrodes.
TL;DR: In this article, the reversal of the magnetization for complex oxides of transition metals (TM) with the perovskite structure has attracted great interest due to a whole series of unique properties such as high-temperature superconductivity, colossal magnetoresistance, coexisting (anti)-ferromagnetism, and (anti)ferroelectricity.
Abstract: Complex oxides of transition metals (TM) with the perovskite structure have attracted great interest due to a whole series of unique properties such as high-temperature superconductivity, colossal magnetoresistance, coexisting (anti)ferromagnetism, and (anti)ferroelectricity. Recently, several groups have reported negative magnetization observed below a certain temperature on cooling of a sample in a low or a medium (up to 4 kOe) magnetic field. This phenomenon was discovered for LaVO3 [1], YVO3 [2], La1-xGdxMnO3 [3], Nd1-xCaxMnO3 [4], GdCrO3 [5], La1-xPrxCrO3 [6], and some others perovskites. In the present paper, we report on the reversal of the magnetization for LaCrO3–NdCrO3 solids. The end compounds, LaCrO3 and NdCrO3, have an orthorhombic perovskite structure at room temperature (space group Pbnm (Pnma)) [7]. The exchange coupling between the magnetic moments of the Cr ions in LaCrO3 is predominantly antiferromagnetic. G-type of antiferromagnetic structure is established below the Neel temperature of TN = 288 K [6]. The weak ferromagnetic moment, peculiar to LaCrO3, is due to the antisymmetric Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction [8, 9]. In NdCrO3, the magnetic moments of Cr 3+ ions are ordered in GzFx mode (in Pbnm space group notation) at TN = 214 K [10]. Below this temperature, magnetization of the Cr sublattice induces an effective magnetic field on the Nd sublattice due to Nd–Cr interaction leading to a weak ferromagnetic ordering of the Nd magnetic moments in CyFx mode [10]. At TR = 35 K, a Morin-type phase transition occurs and, down to the lowest temperatures, Gy (Cr )–Cz (Nd) antiferromagnetic structure persists [10]. The magnetic moments of rare-earth (RE) ions are polarized due to the coupling with transition-metal subsystem resulting in a noticeable anisotropic contribution to the low-temperature magnetic properties. Dilution of the rare-earth sublattice with diamagnetic ions changes strong anisotropy of RE-TM exchange, thus leading to the intriguing behavior of the magnetization. In this work, we describe magnetic properties of La0.75Nd0.25CrO3 solid solution and discuss possible reasons for the negative magnetization appearance.
01 Dec 2008
TL;DR: In this article, a generalized framework of disorder-influenced first-order phase transition is introduced to understand the experimental data, which have considerable bearing on the functionality of these model materials.
Abstract: Magnetic field-induced transitions (metamagnetic transitions) play an important role in defining functionality of various classes of magnetic materials. Rare earth manganites showing colossal magnetoresistance and Gd 5 (Ge 1-χ Si χ ) 4 alloys showing a giant magnetocaloric effect are typical examples that are of interest to the solid-state physics, chemistry and materials science communities. The key features of the metamagnetic transitions occurring in these systems are phase coexistence and metastability. This generality is highlighted by comparing experimental results characterizing three different classes of magnetic materials. A generalized framework of disorder-influenced first-order phase transition is introduced to understand the experimental data, which have considerable bearing on the functionality of these model materials.
10 Jun 2008
TL;DR: In this paper, the magnetic field measurements of the rails of a railgun were performed with the use of a new type of high magnetic-field sensor based on thin manganite films, which exhibits a colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) effect and has very small sensitive areas (e.g., 0.5 mm times 50 mum).
Abstract: Magnetic diffusion is of great importance in the domain of electromechanical energy conversion since it can be a performance-limiting mechanism. This paper deals with magnetic diffusion in the case of the rails of a railgun. The experiments benefit from the use of a new type of high magnetic-field sensor based on thin ( < 1 mum) manganite films, which exhibits a colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) effect and has very small sensitive areas (e.g., 0.5 mm times 50 mum). Some basics about CMR and the design of the sensor are given. Several sensors were used and calibrated in the course of static transient railgun experiments. Here, varying spatial field distributions due to the use of different rail materials were recorded. Magnetic-field measurements during railgun operation with projectile velocities exceeding 1000 m/s have been successfully performed. By comparison with 3-D finite-element calculations, interesting results concerning magnetic diffusion have been worked out.
TL;DR: In this paper, an oxide heterostructure has been fabricated by successively growing La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and ZnO layers on a LaAlO3 (100) substrate using pulsed laser deposition.
Abstract: In this letter, an oxide heterostructure has been fabricated by successively growing La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and ZnO layers on a LaAlO3 (100) substrate using pulsed laser deposition. The ZnO∕La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 heterostructure exhibits good rectifying behavior and a positive colossal magnetoresistance (MR) effect over a temperature range of 77–280K. The maximum MR values are determined to be about 53.9% at H=0.5T and 36.4% at H=0.3T. A possible explanation is given in terms of the effect of magnetic fields on the depletion layer and the capture carriers effect at the interface.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reported the electrical transport and magnetic properties of the dead layer of La(0.67)Sr (0.33)MnO(3) grown on LaAlO (3) substrate under the influence of magnetic field and electric voltage.
Abstract: We report the electrical transport and magnetic properties of the dead layer of La(0.67)Sr(0.33)MnO(3) grown on LaAlO(3) substrate under the influence of magnetic field and electric voltage. The electrical resistance of the dead layer shows exponential decrease with both magnetic field and electric voltage, leading to colossal magnetoresistance and electroresistance, respectively. However, the sample cannot be driven into a metallic state with the available magnetic field and electric voltage. At low temperatures, the magnetic-field dependence of both magnetization and resistance show remarkable hysteresis. Exchange bias effect was observed in the magnetization vs magnetic-field curves. Magnetic force microscope measurement reveals the coexistence of different magnetic phases in the dead layer. The results were discussed in terms of phase separation in the dead layer. This work demonstrates the presence of phase separation in the manganite dead layer and its tunability by magnetic field and electric voltage.
TL;DR: The bandwidth-temperature-magnetic-field phase diagram of RE0.55Sr0.45MnO3 colossal magnetoresistance manganites with ferromagnetic metal (FM) ground state is studied to study the change in the character of the transition and the decrease of the colossal Magnetoresistance effect.
Abstract: We have studied the bandwidth-temperature-magnetic-field phase diagram of RE 0.55 Sr 0.45 MnO 3 colossal magnetoresistance manganites with ferromagnetic metal (FM) ground state. The bandwidth was controlled both via chemical substitution and hydrostatic pressure with a focus on the vicinity of the critical pressure p* where the character of the zero-field FM transition changes from first to second order. Below p* the first-order FM transition extends up to a critical magnetic field. It approaches zero on the larger bandwidth side where the surface of the first-order FM phase boundary is terminated by a multicritical end point. The change in the character of the transition and the decrease of the colossal magnetoresistance effect is attributed to the reduced charge-order and orbital-order fluctuations.
TL;DR: It is shown that in these systems the Jahn Teller effect of the transition element, the charge and orbital ordering and the oxygen stoichiometry play a key role in the appearance of large and even colossal magnetoresistance.
Abstract: The mixed valence Mn3+/Mn4+ and Co3+/Co4+ in manganites and cobaltites with the perovskite structure is absolutely necessary for the appearance of magnetotransport properties. It is shown that in these systems the Jahn Teller effect of the transition element, the charge and orbital ordering and the oxygen stoichiometry play a key role in the appearance of large and even colossal magnetoresistance. It has been discovered that these oxides exhibit a new phenomenon, the crystallographic and electronic phase separation. It is this phenomenon that is at the origin of the competition between ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism or spin glass behaviour and which leads to the negative magnetoresistance (MR). The doping of these materials at different sites appears then to be a means of inducing large MR effects.
TL;DR: The electrical transport and magnetoresistance properties of the polycrystalline La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 film produced on a Pyrex substrate were investigated for the first time.
Abstract: The electrical transport and magnetoresistance properties of the polycrystalline La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 film produced on a Pyrex substrate were investigated for the first time. X-ray powder diffraction indicated that the film sample has a perovskite structure. Scanning electron microscope indicated that La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 film thickness is approximately 500 nm, and the average grain size of this sample varies between 40 and 50 nm. La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 film showed a phase transition from paramagnetic to ferromagnetic at (TC) 80 K and a metal–insulator transition at (TMI) 77.5 K and at 2 mT magnetic field. The upturn of the resistance observed at low temperatures (<36 K) was attributed to the Coulomb blockade, and the strong structural disorder is due to the large lattice mismatch and strain relaxation. A large magnetoresistance ratio [MR (%)] of 780% was observed at 100 K and 6 T magnetic field.
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of substitution of rare earth elements for perovskite manganites on the magnetic and electric properties and magnetoresistance was studied through measurements of M-T curves and ρ-t curves.
TL;DR: In this paper, the structural and transport properties of Sm 0.6 Sr 0.4 MnO 3 polycrystalline sample were investigated using solid-state reaction technique and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed a single phase sample.
TL;DR: In this article, the magnetoresistance properties of GaAs:Mn∕MnAs granular hybrid structures consisting of ferromagnetic MnAs clusters within a paramagnetic GaAs host differ considerably from those of paramagnetic and Ferromagnetic (Ga,Mn)As alloys.
Abstract: The magnetoresistance properties of GaAs:Mn∕MnAs granular hybrid structures consisting of ferromagnetic MnAs clusters within a paramagnetic GaAs:Mn host differ considerably from those of paramagnetic and ferromagnetic (Ga,Mn)As alloys. We analyze the magnetoresistance effects on the basis of a resistor network model. Typical experimental findings are reproduced and their dependence on cluster density and random spatial arrangement of the clusters are revealed. Controlled spatial positioning of the MnAs clusters within the GaAs:Mn host offers interesting opportunities for optimizing the magnetoresistance properties for applications and for overcoming problems of miniaturization arising from cluster statistics.
TL;DR: In this article, a positive colossal magnetoresistance (MR) induced by metallization of FeSb{sub 2, a nearly magnetic or 'Kondo' semiconductor with 3d ions was reported.
Abstract: We report on a positive colossal magnetoresistance (MR) induced by metallization of FeSb{sub 2}, a nearly magnetic or 'Kondo' semiconductor with 3d ions. We discuss the contribution of orbital MR and quantum interference to the enhanced magnetic field response of electrical resistivity.
TL;DR: The electrical transport and magnetoresistance properties of the polycrystalline La0.67Ba0.33MnO3 film produced on a quartz substrate were investigated first time as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the spin glass transition in the kagome antiferromagnet hydronium jarosite arises from a coherent anisotropic distortion driven by solvation effects during synthesis.
Abstract: Highly frustrated systems have degenerate ground states that lead to novel properties. In magnetism the consequences of frustration underpin exotic and technologically important effects, such as high temperature superconductivity, colossal magnetoresistance, and the anomalous Hall effect. One of the enduring mysteries of highly frustrated magnetism is why certain experimental systems have a spin glass transition that is not determined by the strength of the dominant magnetic interactions. In this article we show that the spin glass transition in the kagome antiferromagnet hydronium jarosite arises from a coherent anisotropic distortion driven by solvation effects during synthesis. This finding could simplify treatment of the complex spin glass dynamics and has implications far beyond magnetism, as spin glasses provide important models for the out-of-equilibrium dynamics in other frustrated systems.
TL;DR: In this paper, the metal-insulator transition and associated magnetic transition in the colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) regime of the one-orbital model for manganites is studied using Monte Carlo (MC) techniques in two-dimensional clusters.
Abstract: The metal-insulator transition, and the associated magnetic transition, in the colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) regime of the one-orbital model for manganites is studied here using Monte Carlo (MC) techniques in two-dimensional clusters. Both cooperative oxygen lattice distortions and a finite superexchange coupling among the ${t}_{2g}$ spins are included in our investigations. Charge and spin correlations are studied. In the CMR regime, a strong competition between the ferromagnetic metallic and the antiferromagnetic charge-ordered insulating states is observed. This competition is shown to be important to understand the resistivity peak that appears near the critical temperature. Moreover, it is argued that the system is dynamically inhomogeneous with short-range charge and spin correlations that slowly evolve with MC time, producing the glassy characteristics of the CMR state. The local density of states (LDOS) is also investigated and a pseudogap (PG), identified as a dip in the LDOS at the Fermi energy, is found to exist in the CMR temperature range. The width of the PG in the LDOS is calculated and directly compared to recent scanning-tunneling-spectroscopy (STS) experimental results. The observed agreement between our calculation and the experiment suggests that the depletion of the conductance at low bias observed experimentally is a reflection on the existence of a PG in the LDOS spectra. The apparent homogeneity observed via STS techniques could be caused by the slow time characteristics of this probe. Faster experimental methods should unveil a rather inhomogeneous state in the CMR regime, as already observed in neutron-scattering experiments.
TL;DR: In this article, the magnetic and transport properties of an all-manganite spin valve consisting of a thin antiferromagnetic and insulating manganite sandwiched between two ferromagnetic electrodes were studied.
Abstract: We study the magnetic and transport properties of an all-manganite spin valve consisting of a thin antiferromagnetic and insulating manganite sandwiched between two ferromagnetic and metallic manganite electrodes. When the ferromagnetic electrodes are in a parallel configuration, the double-exchange mechanism in the middle manganite slab is enhanced and the whole heterostructure becomes metallic. In the antiparallel alignment of the electrodes, the antiferromagnetic order in the middle layer is more robust and the resistance of the heterostructure is larger than in the parallel configuration. The strong dependence of the electronic structure of the middle manganite on the relative orientation of the magnetization in the leads turns out in a large tunneling magnetoresistance. We also find that the application of a magnetic field to the heterostructure in the parallel metallic configuration increases the electrical conductance, producing a large magnetoresistance. We discuss our conclusions in the context of recent experiments performed in manganite heterostructures.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented a first principle study of Pr1−xSrxMnO3 with x = 0.25 and showed that it has a half-metallic character with a huge band gap of 2.8 eV in the minority band.
TL;DR: In this paper, a time-integral type laser energy meter based on anisotropic Seebeck effect for the first time was proposed, which operates with fast (nanosecond range) and broad-spectrum (from infrared to ultraviolet) response in wide temperature range (from room temperature to 10s K).
Abstract: We have posed the design of a time-integral type laser energy meter based on anisotropic Seebeck effect for the first time. Anisotropic Seebeck effect is responsible for the laser-induced thermoelectric voltage effect in high temperature superconductor (HTSC) cuprates and colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) manganites thin films grown on tilted single crystal substrates. In this study, for an example, an epitaxial La 2/3 Ca 1/3 MnO 3 thin film prepared on a tilted LaAlO 3 substrate by standard pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) method is tested with a 1064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser and its 2nd (532 nm), 3rd (355 nm), and 4th (266 nm) harmonics from room temperature to 16 K. The integral of the voltage signal with time shows a good linear relation with the laser energy per pulse in the measured wavelength and temperature range, which confirms the theoretical analysis given in this letter and can be used to design a time-integral type laser energy meter. The sensitivity increases as the film thickness increases or as the thermal diffusion constant decreases, which makes the time-integral type laser energy meter low cost as compared with the peak-voltage type. It operates with fast (nanosecond range) and broad-spectrum (from infrared to ultraviolet) response in wide temperature range (from room temperature to 10s K), and can be useful replacements for pyroelectric power/energy meters.