Showing papers on "Gasoline published in 2006"
TL;DR: Dimethyl ether can be used as a clean high-efficiency compression ignition fuel with reduced NOx, SOx, and particulate matter, it can be efficiently reformed to hydrogen at low temperatures, and does not have large issues with toxicity, production, infrastructure, and transportation as do various other fuels as discussed by the authors.
1,053 citations
TL;DR: The use of methyl esters (commonly known as biodiesel) instead of conventional diesel fuel reduces emissions such as the overall life cycle of carbon dioxide (CO2), particu... as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The demand for energy around the world is increasing, specifically the demand for petroleum-based energy. Appeasing this growing energy demand without irreparably damaging the environment is of primary concern. With rising fuel prices and environmental concerns, alternative fuels could satisfy the need for renewable energy with low environmental impact. Some of the more popular alternative fuels for new vehicles are ethanol, hydrogen, and biodiesel. Although gasoline engines are expected to be replaced by hydrogen-powered fuel cells, compression-ignition engines, the diesel engines, are expected to remain in use for high-power applications because of limitations of hydrogen-storage densities. The viable environmental friendly alternative fuel for compression-ignition engines is methyl esters (commonly known as biodiesel), which is derived from vegetable oils or animal fats. Using biodiesel instead of conventional diesel fuel reduces emissions such as the overall life cycle of carbon dioxide (CO2), particu...
305 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of compression ratio on engine performance and exhaust emissions was examined at stoichiometric air/fuel ratio, full load and minimum advanced timing for the best torque MBT in a single cylinder, four stroke, with variable compression ratio and spark ignition engine.
265 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a model that predicts the research and motor octane numbers of a wide variety of gasoline process streams and their blends including oxygenates based on detailed composition is presented, which is applicable to any gasoline fuel regardless of the refining process it originates from.
Abstract: We present a model that predicts the research and motor octane numbers of a wide variety of gasoline process streams and their blends including oxygenates based on detailed composition. The octane number is correlated to a total of 57 hydrocarbon lumps measured by gas chromatography. The model is applicable to any gasoline fuel regardless of the refining process it originates from. It is based on the analysis of 1471 gasoline fuels from different naphtha process streams such as reformates, cat-naphthas, alkylates, isomerates, straight runs, and various hydroprocessed naphthas. Blends of these individual process streams are also considered in this work. The model predicts the octane number within a standard error of 1 number for both the research and motor octane numbers.
249 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a 1.5-L, 4-cylinder Proton Magma retrofitted spark ignition car engine with dynamometer was tested under steady state operating conditions for gasoline and compressed natural gas.
236 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used GC-MS technique to identify the sulphones during the oxidation of thiophenes and recommended that the oxidation extraction technique be used as an additional process to the hydrodesulphurization to enable the refiners to meet the future environmental sulphur regulations.
232 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the CO2 evolution test to study the biodegradability of biodiesel and its mixtures with fossil diesel fuel and gasoline, showing that the synergic effect was positive in all the cases.
Abstract: Biodiesel is a clean renewable fuel with many environmental advantages. One of the most important is its good biodegradability and ability to dissolve crude oil and its derivatives. In this paper, we used the CO2 evolution test to study the biodegradability of biodiesel and its mixtures with fossil diesel fuel and gasoline. The biodegradability of biodiesel was higher than 98% after 28 days, while for diesel fuel and gasoline it was 50% and 56%, respectively. In all the cases, biodegradability increased with the addition of biodiesel. To evaluate the synergic effect, the experimental results for the mixtures were compared with a linear combination of the biodegradability values for the pure compounds. The synergic effect was positive in all the cases, demonstrating that biodiesel enhances the biodegradability of both diesel fuel and gasoline by means of cometabolism. The density and viscosity of the mixtures were also evaluated to determine the possibility of collecting them from an affected area. Although both properties increased with the addition of biodiesel, in all the cases the density was lower than that of water and the viscosity was low enough to allow pumpability.
191 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated partial HCCI (homogeneous charge compression ignition) combustion as a control mechanism for partial combustion in a diesel engine and found that with diesel premixed fuel, a simultaneous decrease of NOx and soot emissions can be obtained by increasing the premixed ratio.
177 citations
TL;DR: A large-scale organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) process is MAX-DEWAX™ for solvent recovery in lube dewaxing as discussed by the authors, which has been in operation since 1998 at a feed rate of 5800m 3 /day (36,000barrels/day).
160 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of using unleaded gasoline and ethanol blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions have been experimentally investigated on a Hydra single-cylinder, four-stroke, spark ignition engine.
159 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the performance of simulated commercial diesel and gasoline using simple synthetic diesel, gasoline, and gasoline compositions, and showed that the performances of these formulations were in good agreement with those of commercial fuels.
Patent•
31 Aug 2006
TL;DR: In this paper, a process for the conversion of biomass to a liquid fuel is presented, which includes the production of diesel and naphtha boiling point range fuels by hydrocracking of pyrolysis lignin extracted from biomass.
Abstract: A process for the conversion of biomass to a liquid fuel is presented. The process includes the production of diesel and naphtha boiling point range fuels by hydrocracking of pyrolysis lignin extracted from biomass.
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-zone model of a spark ignition engine, coupled with the detailed chemistry of combustion processes, was developed and utilized for the predictions of octane numbers and octane sensitivity.
Abstract: Detailed kinetic models of pyrolysis and combustion of hydrocarbon fuels are now reliable tools which can aid the design of internal combustion engines required to meet the increasingly stringent pollutant formation and engine efficiency standards. The aim of this paper is to discuss and verify the potential of these kinetic models in analyzing the knock related combustion behavior of hydrocarbon fuels with particular regard to octane numbers and octane sensitivity. Detailed chemistry not only helps to explain the different reactivities of alkanes and alkenes but also the combustion behavior of hydrocarbon mixtures. A two-zone model of a spark ignition engine, coupled with the detailed chemistry of combustion processes, was developed and utilized for the predictions of octane numbers. This model explains the effect of various components on the knocking behavior of the fuel under different operating conditions and is thus a useful tool both in formulating new fuels and designing new engines.
TL;DR: If ethanol is to be competitive in the long run, then in addition to process efficiency improvements, more efficient transportation infrastructure will need to be developed, such as pipelines, to make these options practical and cost-effective.
Abstract: Discussions of alternative fuel and propulsion technologies for transportation often overlook the infrastructure required to make these options practical and cost-effective. We estimate ethanol production facility locations and use a linear optimization model to consider the economic costs of distributing various ethanol fuel blends to all metropolitan areas in the United States. Fuel options include corn-based E5 (5% ethanol, 95% gasoline) to E16 from corn and switchgrass, as short-term substitutes for petroleum-based fuel. Our estimates of 1−2 cents per L of ethanol blend for downstream rail or truck transportation remain a relatively small fraction of total fuel cost. However, for even the relatively small blends of ethanol modeled, the transportation infrastructure demands would be comparably larger than the current demands of petroleum. Thus if ethanol is to be competitive in the long run, then in addition to process efficiency improvements, more efficient transportation infrastructure will need to b...
15 May 2006
TL;DR: In this article, the emissions of unregulated compounds were measured on new technology passenger cars using a chassis dynamometer with constant volume sampling (CVS) and the influence of cold and warm starting conditions on the VOC composition was determined.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the environmental performance of two ethanol fuel applications (E10 and E85) in terms of natural resources used, non-renewable energy and global warming.
Abstract: The environmental performance of two ethanol fuel applications (E10 and E85) is compared (E10 fuel: a mixture of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline by volume, and E85 fuel: a mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline by volume). Two types of functional units are considered here: An ethanol production-oriented perspective and a traveling distance-oriented perspective. The ethanol production-oriented functional unit perspective reflects the fact that the ethanol fuel supply (arable land or quantity of biomass used in ethanol fuel) is constrained, while the traveling distance-oriented functional unit implies that the ethanol fuel supply is unlimited. In the ethanol production-oriented functional unit perspective, the E10 fuel application offers better environmental performance than the E85 fuel application in terms of natural resources used, nonrenewable energy and global warming. However, in the calculations based on the traveling distance perspective, the E85 fuel application provides less environmental impacts in crude oil consumption, nonrenewable energy and global warming than the E10 fuel application. The choice of functional units significantly affects the final results. Thus the functional unit in a descriptive LCA should reflect as nearly as possible the actual situation associated with a product system. Considering the current situation of constrained ethanol fuel supply, the E10 fuel application offers better environmental performance in natural resources used, nonrenewable energy and global warming unless the fuel economy of an E85 fueled vehicle is close to that of an E10 fueled vehicle.
TL;DR: In this article, the mass spectral signatures of individual particles produced from atomized auto and diesel oil and fuel samples were obtained using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS).
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the use of LPG as a fuel for spark ignition engine in terms of lean operation, and focused on the cyclic variations and exhaust emissions.
TL;DR: Effluent MtBE from both reactors was observed at higher levels; nevertheless, its concentration was lower than the 5 μg/l Drinking Water Advisory for MtBE implemented in California.
Abstract: In this study, we investigated the treatability of co-mingled groundwater contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), gasoline hydrocarbons, and methyl tert-butyl ether (MtBE) using an ex-situ aerobic biotreatment system. The PAHs of interest were naphthalene, methyl-naphthalene, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, and carbazole. The gasoline hydrocarbons included benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and p-xylene (BTEX). Two porous pot reactors were operated for a period of 10 months under the same influent contaminant concentrations. The contaminated groundwater was introduced into the reactors at a flow rate of 4 and 9 l/day, resulting in a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 32 and 15 h, respectively. In both reactors, high removal efficiencies were achieved for the PAHs (>99%), BTEX and MtBE (>99.7%). All the PAHs of interest and the four BTEX compounds were detected at concentrations less than 1 μg/l throughout the study duration. Effluent MtBE from both reactors was observed at higher levels; nevertheless, its concentration was lower than the 5 μg/l Drinking Water Advisory for MtBE implemented in California.
TL;DR: In this article, an azeotropic ETBE/ethanol mixture was proposed as a possible oxygenated additive for the formulation of eurosuper-type gasolines, which showed lower Reid vapor pressures (RVPs) than gasoline formulations formulated with ethanol, and therefore low levels of volatile organic compounds, similarly to highly pure ETBE.
TL;DR: In this article, hollow fiber composite membranes comprising of a thin layer of poly(ether block amide) supported on microporous poly(vinylidene fluoride) substrate were prepared for the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from nitrogen by membranes for emission control.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of the additives of ethanol (EA) and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in various blend ratios into the gasoline fuel on the exhaust emissions and the catalytic conversion efficiencies were investigated in an EFI gasoline engine.
03 Apr 2006
TL;DR: In this paper, a new V-6 3.5-liter gasoline engine (2GR-FSE) uses a newly developed stoichiometric direct injection system with two fuel injectors in each cylinder (D-4S: Direct injection 4-stroke gasoline engine system Superior version).
Abstract: A new V-6 3.5-liter gasoline engine (2GR-FSE) uses a newly developed stoichiometric direct injection system with two fuel injectors in each cylinder (D-4S: Direct injection 4-stroke gasoline engine system Superior version). One is a direct injection injector generating a dual-fan-shaped spray with wide dispersion, while the other is a port injector. With this system, the engine achieves a power level among the highest for production engines of this displacement and a fuel economy rating of 24mpg on the EPA cycle. Emissions are among the lowest level for this class of sedans, meeting Ultra Low Emission Vehicle standards (ULEV-II). The dual-fan-shaped spray was adopted to improve fullload performance. The new spray promotes a homogeneous mixture without any devices to generate intense in-cylinder air-motion at lower engine speeds. For this reason the engine has improved volumetric efficiency compared to engines having these charge motion devices, resulting in improved full-load performance throughout the engine speed range. Together with Dual VVT-i (Variable intake and exhaust Valve Timing intelligence), the engine achieves specific power near the top of all naturally aspirated production gasoline engines in the world: 66kW/L, 228kW at 6400r/min. Fuel economy is improved compared to a conventional DISI engine with both injectors optimized to improve combustion. As for improvement of the exhaust emissions, simultaneous injection by the two injectors is effective in reduction of HC emissions during cold start.
TL;DR: In this paper, a performance comparison was made on commercial nickel catalyst and zirconia-supported rh/ZrO2 catalyst for ATR of simulated fuels with n -heptane, n-dodecane, toluene, and methylcyclohexane as model compounds for different fractions of gasoline and diesel.
TL;DR: In this article, the potential of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) waxes as a feedstock for fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) has been evaluated with a once-through microriser reactor operating under realistic conditions.
Abstract: The potential of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) waxes as a feedstock for fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) has been evaluated with a once-through microriser reactor operating under realistic conditions The highly paraffinic feedstock has a high reactivity and can be converted under industrial conditions to a high extent (>90 wt%) The product distribution can be optimised by the process parameters and catalyst formulation A high gasoline fraction (70 wt%) with a very low aromatics concentration can be obtained As a result of the formation of i-paraffins, n-olefins and i-olefins the gasoline is expected to possess an acceptable octane number The reaction scheme derived predicts that the degree of branching in the paraffinic diesel-range product is lower than that of the gasoline-range product and that a relatively good diesel is expected Due to the absence of sulfur and nitrogen in the feed extremely clean transportation fuels are obtained The addition of ZSM-5 to an equilibrium catalyst allows the production of significant amounts of light olefins, in particular propene (16 wt%) and butenes (15 wt%)
TL;DR: In this article, a variable compression ratio Ricardo E6 single-cylinder spark-ignition (SI) engine operating on a synthetic fuel consisting mainly of carbon monoxide and hydrogen was tested and found to produce about 20 and 30% lower engine power output than natural gas (NG) and gasoline fuelling respectively under similar operating conditions.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of operating conditions such as mileage of the cars, engine speed, fuel and lubricating oil compositions on the emissions was studied, and multivariate data analysis methods were employed including exploratory principal component analysis (PCA), and the multi-criteria decision making methods (MCDM), preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation (PROMETHEE) and geometrical analysis for interactive aid (GAIA), for ranking the cars on the basis of the emission factors of the elements.
03 Apr 2006
Patent•
03 Nov 2006TL;DR: A gasoline additive concentrate composition comprises a solvent, an alkoxylated fatty amine, and a partial ester having at least one free hydroxyl group and formed by reacting at least 1 fatty carboxylic acid and at least polyhydric alcohol.
Abstract: A gasoline additive concentrate composition comprises a solvent, an alkoxylated fatty amine, and a partial ester having at least one free hydroxyl group and formed by reacting at least one fatty carboxylic acid and at least one polyhydric alcohol. A fuel composition comprises gasoline and the gasoline additive concentrate composition. A method of operating a gasoline internal combustion engine comprises fueling the engine with the fuel composition and is effective in reducing fuel consumption.