Showing papers on "Standardization published in 2015"

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

Abstract: Subsequently, an agreement on technical co-operation between ISO and CEN was approved by the ISO Council resolution 18/1990 and the CEN General Assembly resolution 3/1990. This agreement (called the Vienna Agreement) was published in June 1991. It is accompanied by common ISO-CEN “Guidelines for the TC/SC Chairmen and Secretariats for implementation”, approved in 1992 and revised in September 1998.

Standardization in additive manufacturing: activities carried out by international organizations and projects

Abstract: Standards have to satisfy the needs of the different groups represented, such as industrial, trade, and consumer groups of all of the countries involved. Most experts agree that the lack of additive manufacturing (AM) standards is a key point to take into account in the barriers to broad adoption of AM. Although over the past two decades several entities and groups of experts have demanded the development of specific standards for additive manufacturing, the most important steps forward have been taken in the last few years, mainly through the actions of international organizations such as International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), with the support of technical groups and projects focused on the standardization of AM. This work, which is successfully providing new standards for AM, is expected to be reinforced by a global agreement between ASTM and ISO with the aim of collaboration on common AM standards. This paper presents a summary and review of actions carried out so far by different organizations and projects, based on the work of several road maps and workshops, with the aim of developing new standards in this particular field.

Detection of cancer through exhaled breath: a systematic review

Abstract: // Agne Krilaviciute 1 , Jonathan Alexander Heiss 1 , Marcis Leja 2 , Juozas Kupcinskas 3 , Hossam Haick 4 and Hermann Brenner 1,5,6 1 Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany 2 Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Digestive Diseases Center GASTRO, and Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia 3 Department of Gastroenterology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania 4 Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel 5 Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany 6 German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany Correspondence to: Hossam Haick, email: // Keywords : breath analysis, cancer detection, volatile organic compound, VOC, systematic review Received : August 03, 2015 Accepted : September 01, 2015 Published : September 30, 2015 Abstract Background: Timely diagnosis of cancer represents a challenging task; in particular, there is a need for reliable non-invasive screening tools that could achieve high levels of adherence at virtually no risk in population-based screening. In this review, we summarize the current evidence of exhaled breath analysis for cancer detection using standard analysis techniques and electronic nose. Methods: Relevant studies were identified searching Pubmed and Web of Science databases until April 30, 2015. Information on breath test performance, such as sensitivity and specificity, was extracted together with volatile compounds that were used to discriminate cancer patients from controls. Performance of different breath analysis techniques is provided for various cancers together with information on methodological issues, such as breath sampling protocol and validation of the results. Results: Overall, 73 studies were included, where two-thirds of the studies were conducted on lung cancer. Good discrimination usually required a combination of multiple biomarkers, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve or accuracy reached levels of 0.9 or higher in multiple studies. In 25% of the reported studies, classification models were built and validated on the same datasets. Huge variability was seen in different aspects among the studies. Conclusions: Analyses of exhaled breath yielded promising results, although standardization of breath collection, sample storage and data handling remain critical issues. In order to foster breath analysis implementation into practice, larger studies should be implemented in true screening settings, paying particular attention to standardization in breath collection, consideration of covariates, and validation in independent population samples.

Standards for vehicular communication—from IEEE 802.11p to 5G

Abstract: Standardization for wireless vehicular communication ensures, as in other domains, interoperability, supports regulations and legislation, and creates larger markets. For the initial deployment of vehicular communication, consistent sets of standards have been created, commonly named C-ITS in Europe and DSRC in the U.S., both relying on the WiFi standard IEEE 802.11. These initial standard sets specify vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication and enable applications primarily for driver information and warnings. The article provides an overview of the key C-ITS and DSRC protocols from a standardization perspective. The article analyzes automated driving as the potential new application domain for vehicular communication, discusses its requirements on communication, and derives potential directions for future releases of the vehicular communication standards.

Towards recommendations for metadata and data handling in plant phenotyping

Abstract: Recent methodological developments in plant phenotyping, as well as the growing importance of its applications in plant science and breeding, are resulting in a fast accumulation of multidimensional data. There is great potential for expediting both discovery and application if these data are made publicly available for analysis. However, collection and storage of phenotypic observations is not yet sufficiently governed by standards that would ensure interoperability among data providers and precisely link specific phenotypes and associated genomic sequence information. This lack of standards is mainly a result of a large variability of phenotyping protocols, the multitude of phenotypic traits that are measured, and the dependence of these traits on the environment. This paper discusses the current situation of standardization in the area of phenomics, points out the problems and shortages, and presents the areas that would benefit from improvement in this field. In addition, the foundations of the work that could revise the situation are proposed, and practical solutions developed by the authors are introduced.

An IoT based reference architecture for smart water management processes.

Abstract: Water is a vital resource for life, and its management is a key issue nowadays. Information and communications technology systems for water control are currently facing interoperability problems due to the lack of support of standardization in monitory and control equipment. This problem affects various processes in water management, such as water consumption, distribution, system identification and equipment maintenance. OPC UA (Object Linking and Embedding for Process Control Unified Architecture) is a platform independent service-oriented architecture for the control of processes in the logistic and manufacturing sectors. Based on this standard we propose a smart water management model combining Internet of Things technologies with business processes coordination and decision support systems. We provide an architecture for sub-system interaction and a detailed description of the physical scenario in which we will test our implementation, allowing specific vendor equipment to be manageable and interoperable in the specific context of water management processes.

PRIPARE: Integrating Privacy Best Practices into a Privacy Engineering Methodology

Abstract: Data protection authorities worldwide have agreed on the value of considering privacy-by-design principles when developing privacy-friendly systems and software However, on the technical plane, a profusion of privacy-oriented guidelines and approaches coexists, which provides partial solutions to the overall problem and aids engineers during different stages of the system development lifecycle As a result, engineers find difficult to understand what they should do to make their systems abide by privacy by design, thus hindering the adoption of privacy engineering practices This paper reviews existing best practices in the analysis and design stages of the system development lifecycle, introduces a systematic methodology for privacy engineering that merges and integrates them, leveraging their best features whilst addressing their weak points, and describes its alignment with current standardization efforts

Promoting Coordinated Development of Community-Based Information Standards for Modeling in Biology: The COMBINE Initiative.

Abstract: The Computational Modeling in Biology Network (COMBINE) is a consortium of groups involved in the development of open community standards and formats used in computational modeling in biology. COMBINE’s aim is to act as a coordinator, facilitator, and resource for different standardization efforts whose domains of use cover related areas of the computational biology space. In this perspective article, we summarize COMBINE, its general organization, and the community standards and other efforts involved in it. Our goals are to help guide readers toward standards that may be suitable for their research activities, as well as to direct interested readers to relevant communities where they can best expect to receive assistance in how to develop interoperable computational models.

A Portrait of an ISO STEP Tolerancing Standard as an Enabler of Smart Manufacturing Systems

Abstract: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has just completed a major effort on a new standard ISO 10303-242 titled “Managed Model Based 3D Engineering.” It belongs to a family of standards called STEP (STandard for the Exchange of Product model data). ISO 10303-242 is also called the STEP Application Protocol 242 (STEP AP 242, for short). The intent of STEP AP 242 is to support a manufacturing enterprise with a range of standardized information models that flow through a long and wide “digital thread” that makes the manufacturing systems in the enterprise smart. One such standardized information model is that of tolerances specified on a product’s geometry so that the product can be manufactured according to the specifications. This paper describes the attributes of smart manufacturing systems, the capabilities of STEP AP 242 in handling tolerance information associated with product geometry, and how these capabilities enable the manufacturing systems to be smart.

Flexible generification: ICT standardization strategies and service innovation in health care

Abstract: Standards have played an important but often unrecognized role in the development of modern organizations. This role is accentuated by today’s growth of large business and government infrastructure...

A systematic literature review on security and privacy of electronic health record systems: technical perspectives.

Abstract: Background: Even though many safeguards and policies for electronic health record (EHR) security have been implemented, barriers to the privacy and security protection of EHR systems persist. Objective: This article presents the results of a systematic literature review regarding frequently adopted security and privacy technical features of EHR systems. Method: Our inclusion criteria were full articles that dealt with the security and privacy of technical implementations of EHR systems published in English in peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings between 1998 and 2013; 55 selected studies were reviewed in detail. We analysed the review results using two International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards (29100 and 27002) in order to consolidate the study findings. Results: Using this process, we identified 13 features that are essential to security and privacy in EHRs. These included system and application access control, compliance with security requirements, interoperability, integration and sharing, consent and choice mechanism, policies and regulation, applicability and scalability and cryptography techniques. Conclusion: This review highlights the importance of technical features, including mandated access control policies and consent mechanisms, to provide patients’ consent, scalability through proper architecture and frameworks, and interoperability of health information systems, to EHR security and privacy requirements.

Standardization strategy for modular industrial plants

Abstract: Modularization is a well-established technique in which a portion of site-based work is exported to fabrication shops, thereby contributing to an improved construction. When modularization is combined with design standardization, according to the literature of the shipbuilding and manufacturing industries, the result is a leveraging opportunity. Such an approach can incorporate all the benefits from both design standardization and modularization and can constitute a strategy for augmenting modularization. This paper addresses a leveraging opportunity for modularization augmentation by examining how modularization and design standardization relate to one another in the industrial sector. A research team comprised of industrial and academic members identified standard modules as well as a modular standardized plant (MSP) as distinct approaches to combining modularization and design standardization. The research further identified 10 types of economic advantages and 3 types of economic disadvantages ...

Additive manufacturing in biomedical sciences and the need for definitions and norms

Abstract: The application of additive biomanufacturing represents one of the most rapidly advancing areas of biomedical science, in which engineers, scientists, and clinicians are contributing to the future of health care. The combined efforts of a large number of groups around the globe have developed a strong research thrust that has resulted in a large number of publications. Reviewing this body of literature, there is an increasing trend of research groups inventing their own definitions and terminology. This has made it difficult to find and compare the results. Therefore, to move the field constructively forward, it is a conditio sine qua non to clarify various terminologies and standards. Based on this background, this article advocates tightening the terminology and has the objective of penning out definitions that will ultimately allow the development of official industry standard terms, such as American Society for Testing and Materials and or International Organization for Standardization for technologies developed for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine.

Vehicular ad hoc Networks: Standards, Solutions, and Research

Abstract: This book presents vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) from the their onset, gradually going into technical details, providing a clear understanding of both theoretical foundations and more practical investigation. The editors gathered top-ranking authors to provide comprehensiveness and timely content; the invited authors were carefully selected from a list of whos who in the respective field of interest: there are as many from Academia as from Standardization and Industry sectors from around the world. The covered topics are organized around five Parts starting from an historical overview of vehicular communications and standardization/harmonization activities (Part I), then progressing to the theoretical foundations of VANETs and a description of the day-one standard-compliant solutions (Part II), hence going into details of vehicular networking and security (Part III) and to the tools to study VANETs, from mobility and channel models, to network simulators and field trial methodologies (Part IV), and finally looking into the future of VANETs by investigating alternative, complementary communication technologies, innovative networking paradigms and visionary applications (Part V). The way the content is organized, with a differentiated level of technical details, makes the book a valuable reference for a large pool of target readers ranging from undergraduate, graduate and PhD students, to wireless scientists and engineers, to service providers and stakeholders in the automotive, ITS, ICT sectors.

Smart Grid Standards: Specifications, Requirements, and Technologies

Abstract: Author(s): Sato, T; Kammen, DM; Duan, B; Macuha, M; Zhou, Z; Wu, J; Tariq, M; Asfaw, SA | Abstract: A fully comprehensive introduction to smart grid standards and their applications for developers, consumers and service providers The critical role of standards for smart grid has already been realized by world-wide governments and industrial organizations. There are hundreds of standards for Smart Grid which have been developed in parallel by different organizations. It is therefore necessary to arrange those standards in such a way that it is easier for readers to easily understand and select a particular standard according to their requirements without going into the depth of each standard, which often spans from hundreds to thousands of pages. The book will allow people in the smart grid areas and in the related industries to easily understand the fundamental standards of smart grid, and quickly find the building-block standards they need from hundreds of standards for implementing a smart grid system. The authors highlight the most advanced works and efforts now under way to realize an integrated and interoperable smart grid, such as the NIST Framework and Roadmap for Smart Grid Interoperability Standards Release 2.0, the IEC Smart Grid Standardization Roadmap, the ISO/IECs Smart Grid Standards for Residential Customers, the ZigBee/HomePlugs Smart Energy Profile Specification 2.0, IEEEs P2030 Draft Guide for Smart Grid Interoperability of Energy Technology and Information Technology Operation with the Electric Power System (EPS), and End-Use Applications and Loads, and the latest joint research project results between the worlds two largest economies, US and China. The book enables readers to fully understand the latest achievements and ongoing technical works of smart grid standards, and assist industry utilities, vendors, academia, regulators, and other smart grid stakeholders in future decision making. The book begins with an overview of the smart grid, and introduces the opportunities in both developed and developing countries. It then examines the standards for power grid domain of the smart grid, including standards for blackout prevention and energy management, smart transmission, advanced distribution management and automation, smart substation automation, and condition monitoring. Communication and security standards as a whole are the backbone of smart grid and their standards, including those for wired and wireless communications, are then assessed. Finally the authors consider the standards and on-going work and efforts for interoperability and integration between different standards and networks, including the latest joint research effort between the worlds two largest economies, US and China. A fully comprehensive introduction to smart grid standards and their applications for developers, consumers and service providers Covers all up-to-date standards of smart grid, including the key standards from NIST, IEC, ISO ZigBee, IEEE, HomePlug, SAE, and other international and regional standardization organizations. The Appendix summarizes all of the standards mentioned in the book Presents standards for renewable energy and smart generation, covering wind energy, solar voltaic, fuel cells, pumped storage, distributed generation, and nuclear generation standards. Standards for other alternative sources of energy such as geothermal energy, and bioenergy are briefly introduced Introduces the standards for smart storage and plug-in electric vehicles, including standards for distributed energy resources (DER), electric storage, and E-mobility/plug-in vehicles The book is written in an accessible style, ideal as an introduction to the topic, yet contains sufficient detail and research to appeal to the more advanced and specialist reader.

Vendor-interoperable elastic optical interfaces: Standards, experiments, and challenges [Invited]

Abstract: This paper aims to review the status of standardization activities on the black link (BL) and corresponding alien wavelength concepts. It discusses experimental work on filterless optical networks conducted within a dedicated Deutsche Telekom project. The general prospects and existing challenges concerning elastic extensions of the BL are also assessed. Furthermore, we present relevant work on control and management plane interoperability comprising generalized multi-protocol label switching and transport software defined networking aspects. In the second part of the article, we report on the latest dual-vendor experiments on data plane interoperability in terms of digital signal processing technology for next generation 1.28 Tb/s PM-16QAM super-channels. Finally, we present a network reachability analysis based on the widely used Gaussian noise model in the context of data plane interoperability. This analysis estimates the network-wide impact of the single-vendor versus the dual-vendor approach.

Convergence of Smart Grid ICT Architectures for the Last Mile

Abstract: The evolution of the electrical grid into a smart grid, allowing user production, storage, and exchange of energy; remote control of appliances; and, in general, optimizations over how the energy is managed and consumed, is an evolution into a complex information and communication technology (ICT) system. With the goal of promoting an integrated and interoperable smart grid, a number of organizations all over the world started uncoordinated standardization activities, which caused the emergence of a large number of incompatible architectures and standards. There are now new standardization activities that have the goal of organizing existing standards and produce best practices to choose the right approach(es) to be employed in specific smart grid designs. This paper follows the lead of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute/European Committee for Standardization/European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (ETSI/CEN/CENELEC) approaches in trying to provide taxonomy of existing solutions; our contribution reviews and relates current ICT state of the art with the objective of forecasting future trends based on the orientation of current efforts and on relationships between them. The resulting taxonomy provides guidelines for further studies of the architectures, and highlights how the standards in the last mile of the smart grid are converging to common solutions to improve ICT infrastructure interoperability.

Technology and Technique Standards for Camera-Acquired Digital Dermatologic Images: A Systematic Review

Abstract: Importance Photographs are invaluable dermatologic diagnostic, management, research, teaching, and documentation tools. Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standards exist for many types of digital medical images, but there are no DICOM standards for camera-acquired dermatologic images to date. Objective To identify and describe existing or proposed technology and technique standards for camera-acquired dermatologic images in the scientific literature. Evidence Review Systematic searches of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were performed in January 2013 using photography and digital imaging, standardization, and medical specialty and medical illustration search terms and augmented by a gray literature search of 14 websites using Google. Two reviewers independently screened titles of 7371 unique publications, followed by 3 sequential full-text reviews, leading to the selection of 49 publications with the most recent (1985-2013) or detailed description of technology or technique standards related to the acquisition or use of images of skin disease (or related conditions). Findings No universally accepted existing technology or technique standards for camera-based digital images in dermatology were identified. Recommendations are summarized for technology imaging standards, including spatial resolution, color resolution, reproduction (magnification) ratios, postacquisition image processing, color calibration, compression, output, archiving and storage, and security during storage and transmission. Recommendations are also summarized for technique imaging standards, including environmental conditions (lighting, background, and camera position), patient pose and standard view sets, and patient consent, privacy, and confidentiality. Proposed standards for specific-use cases in total body photography, teledermatology, and dermoscopy are described. Conclusions and Relevance The literature is replete with descriptions of obtaining photographs of skin disease, but universal imaging standards have not been developed, validated, and adopted to date. Dermatologic imaging is evolving without defined standards for camera-acquired images, leading to variable image quality and limited exchangeability. The development and adoption of universal technology and technique standards may first emerge in scenarios when image use is most associated with a defined clinical benefit.

Business Process Standardization

Abstract: Across its own functional and geographic structures, every organization has many processes with the same, or similar outputs and inputs. These processes comprise comparable activities, are constrained by similar rules, and are supported by like resources. They are common processes. They could be identical processes; multiple instances of the same process. Consider the corporate process, Purchase Goods, based on a global standard to use a single contracted supplier. At the same time, credible arguments can be made for local variations on these common processes to meet local requirements. Should a local variation of Purchase Goods be allowed in a location where the sole supplier has no office? In planning the implementation of a large software application for use in 30 countries, to what extent should local practice be allowed to customize the corporate application, potentially creating 30 different instances of the application? Is 30 too many? How about 10? 20? How many is too many? At what point does the cost-benefit balance shift away from global standardization to favor local relevance? In this chapter, we address complex issues about process standardization. A Global BPM Framework is described that facilitates management of the conflicting demands of standardization for global efficiency versus variation for local effectiveness.

A new hybrid thermal comfort guideline for the Netherlands : Background and development

Abstract: In 2004, the first adaptive thermal comfort guideline was introduced in the Netherlands. Recently, a new, upgraded version of this ISSO 74 (ATG) guideline has been developed. The new requirements are hybrid in nature as the 2014 version of the guideline combines elements of traditional non-adaptive comfort standards with elements of adaptive standards. This paper describes the new guideline and explains the rationale behind it. Also changes in comparison with the original 2004 version and (some) issues related to performance verification are discussed. The information presented in this paper can be used by others (other countries) as inspiration material for new adaptive comfort guidelines and standards.

Interoperable validation for IFC building models using open standards

Abstract: In this paper we are reporting on a prototypical implementation of a model view checker for model instance validation of Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) models. This checker is developed based on the open standards mvdXML as the format for structuring validation rules and the BIM Collaboration Format (BCF) to issue reports as a result of the checking process. The checker is implemented on top of the open source bimserver.org framework. The research presented here has two main aims: (1) to develop an open source IFC validation tool based on flexible and standardized method; (2) to identify issues and capabilities of the current mvdXML rules based on real-world scenarios and to develop stable and easy-to-use IFC validation methods using open standards. Two BIM operational standards required by local building regulations and laws, the Dutch Rgd BIM Norm, and the Norwegian Statsbygg BIM Manual are used to validate both the mvdXML standardsO capabilities and the tools implementation. The rules from these standards are categorized into different rule types and converted to mvdXML templates and rules. These rules are then tested using a prototypical, open source software tool. By combining this tool with a BCF server we demonstrate the deployment of such automated checking procedures in real working processes. Based on these experiences, a detailed discussion about identified issues is provided as the starting point for the future research and a feedback to standardization organizations.

Leveraging CMMN for ACM: examining the applicability of a new OMG standard for adaptive case management

Abstract: Adaptive case management (ACM) is an increasingly popular approach for supporting knowledge-intensive business processes. Being a new approach, it still lacks a similar degree of standardization as the more established business process management (BPM) approaches. This paper introduces the new Case Management and Model and Notation (CMMN) standard. Based on a set of ACM requirements, the applicability of CMMN for modeling ACM cases is examined thoroughly and extensions improving the ACM support of CMMN are proposed.

Driving factors for service providers to participate in standardization: Insights from the Netherlands

Abstract: The paper aims to identify factors influencing the service providers' decision to participate in formal standardization at national standards bodies. The paper develops firm- and industry-specific hypotheses and tests them based on a sample of 5,812 Dutch service providers of which 174 actively participated in the Dutch standards body NEN. Our results reveal that company size, export activities, internal R&D and innovation activities are positively related to the service provider's likelihood to participate in formal standardization. Additionally, the service industry and the service type are related to the propensity to standardize. The analysis is limited to Dutch companies' involvement at the Dutch standards body and does not consider their engagement in standardization consortia. The paper combines a large and representative sample of service companies with information about service companies' engagement in standardization for the first time. The findings reveal specific characteristics of service com...

Standardization in cyber-physical systems: The ARUM case

Abstract: Cyber-physical systems concept supports the realization of the Industrie 4.0 vision towards the computerization of traditional industries, aiming to achieve intelligent and reconfigurable factories. Standardization assumes a critical role in the industrial adoption of cyber-physical systems, namely in the integration of legacy systems as well as the smooth migration from existing running systems to the new ones. This paper analyses some existing standards in related fields and presents identified limitations and efforts for a wider acceptance of such systems by industry. Special attention is devoted to the efforts to develop a standard-compliant service-oriented multi-agent system solution within the ARUM project.