Showing papers on "Transesterification published in 2014"
TL;DR: A thorough analysis of recent biotechnological progress is presented in the context of present technological challenges and future developmental opportunities aimed at bringing the enzyme costs down and improving the overall process economics towards large scale production of enzymatic biodiesel.
410 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of catalysts for biodiesel production via heterogeneous acid-catalyzed esterification and transesterification is presented, with the purpose of facilitating mass-transport and improving the catalytic stability of the solid acid catalysts.
377 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors employed experimental results from the open literature for the design and techno-economic evaluation of four process flowsheets for the production of microbial oil or biodiesel.
299 citations
TL;DR: The feasibility of biodiesel production from microalgae as third generation biodiesel feedstock was studied and maximum biodiesel yield was obtained using simultaneous extraction and transesterification using hexane as a solvent.
220 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a one-step catalytic conversion of non-edible seed oil, Calophyllum inophyllium with free fatty acid of 15% into biodiesel over biomass-derived catalysts was reported.
191 citations
TL;DR: The prepared catalyst had a high catalytic activity for simultaneous esterification and transesterification and had excellent stability, thereby having potential use as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production from WCO with a high FFA content.
182 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed efficient and environmentally benign heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production by pre-impregnation method, and the prepared catalyst was tested for the transesterification process of soybean oil to produce biodiesel.
178 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a magnetic composite poly(styrene-methacrylic acid) microsphere, was prepared using oleic acid-coated magnetic nanoparticles as seeds by microemulsion copolymerization of styrene (St) and methacric acid (MAA), and the lipase from Candida rugosa was then covalently bound to the magnetic polymercoated microspheres by using 1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC) as an activation re
Abstract: A magnetic composite poly(styrene-methacrylic acid) microsphere, was prepared using oleic acid-coated magnetic nanoparticles as seeds by microemulsion copolymerization of styrene (St) and methacrylic acid (MAA). The lipase from Candida rugosa was then covalently bound to the magnetic polymer-coated microspheres by using 1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDAC) as an activation reagent. The immobilization of lipase could enhance the thermal and pH stability of lipase activity when compared to free lipase. The immobilized lipase microspheres were characterized by lipase activity assays, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and vibrating-sample magnetometer techniques. The bound lipase showed high activities to soybean oil transesterification with methanol to produce biodiesel. It was found that the oil conversion of 86% was attained at a reaction temperature of 35 °C for 24 h. The immobilized lipase is stable with re...
175 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of CaO obtained from the calcination-hydration-dehydration treatment of egg shell and commercial CaO was tested for its catalytic activity via transesterification of waste frying oil (WFO).
167 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a non-edible rubber seed oil (RSO) with high free fatty acid (FFA) content of 45% were used for the production of biodiesel.
164 citations
TL;DR: The catalytic activities of calcium oxide obtained from natural sources (crab shell and eggshell) showed that these materials have promising viability in transesterification for biodiesel production.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a critical review on the prospects of non-edible oil (i.e., algae oil) for biodiesel production via heterogeneous catalysis and highlight key available heterogeneous catalysts to upgrade glycerol into more useful industrial products.
TL;DR: In this article, the quality of biodiesel produced by basic transesterification from several vegetable oils (soybean, rapeseed, sunflower, high oleic sunflower) cultivated in Extremadura has been studied in detail.
Abstract: In this work, the quality of biodiesel produced by basic transesterification from several vegetable oils (soybean, rapeseed, sunflower, high oleic sunflower, Cynara Cardunculus L., Brassica Carinata and Jatropha Curca) cultivated in Extremadura has been studied in detail. The influence of raw material composition on properties such as density, viscosity, cetane number, higher heating value, iodine and saponification values and cold filter plugging point has been verified. Other biodiesel properties such as acid value, water content and flash and combustion points were more dependent on characteristics of production process. Biodiesel produced by rapeseed, sunflower and high oleic sunflower oils transesterification have been biofuels with better properties according to Norm EN 14214. Finally, it has been tested that it is possible to use oils mixtures in biodiesel production in order to improve the biodiesel quality. In addition, with the same process conditions and knowing properties of biodiesel from pure oils; for biodiesel from oils mixtures, its methyl esters content, and therefore properties dependent this content can be predicted from a simple mathematical equation proposed in this work. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of process parameters dry algae to ethanol (wt/vol.) ratio (1:6-1:15), reaction temperature (245-270°C), and reaction time (2-30min.) on the yield of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) were studied.
TL;DR: The fuel properties of methyl esters produced in the biodiesel pilot plant were characterized and compared to EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 biodiesel standards and, according to the results, ester yield values of animal fatmethyl esters were slightly lower than that of the corn oil methyl ester (COME).
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the chemo-and biocatalytic transesterification of glycerol with different carbonates sources and provided a detail elucidation of the influence of the catalysts and operating conditions on the GC yield.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of reaction temperature, catalyst concentration, algae biomass to methanol ratio (wt:vol), stirring intensity and algae drying duration on the biodiesel yield was investigated.
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive and critical review of glycerol dehydration to acrolein in both petroleum and bio-based processes is provided, where the acidity and textural properties of various catalysts are evaluated separately.
Abstract: The significant surge in biodiesel production by transesterification of edible or non-edible oils have caused surplus of glycerol in the market. With its characteristics, unique structure, renewability, and bio-availability, glycerol has tremendous potential to be transformed to higher value-added chemicals. This article provides a comprehensive and critical review of glycerol dehydration to acrolein in both petroleum-and bio-based processes. Acrolein has enormous industrial applications as a significant chemical intermediate for acrylic acid, dl-Methionine and superabsorbent polymer production. The current development of several precursors on suitable support such as heteropoly acids, zeolites, mixed metal oxides, and pyrophosphates in creating superior catalytic properties for both liquid- and gas-phase processes has been discussed. The acidity and textural properties of various catalysts, as significant variables affecting acrolein yield and selectivity, are evaluated separately. Techno-economical evaluation on dehydration of petroleum- and bio-based glycerol to acrolein proved that the bio-based processes are more feasible compared to the conventional petroleum-based process. In addition, various proposed mechanisms for catalytic dehydration of glycerol to acrolein have been examined. Particularly, catalyst coking and few crude glycerol applications have been identified as the main drawbacks for immediate industrialization and commercialization of glycerol dehydration to acrolein.
TL;DR: Waste ostrich eggshell-derived calcium oxide particles synthesized and explored as cost-effective catalysts for the ultrasonic-assisted transesterification of palm oil showed good catalytic performance and reusability, and may potentially reduce the cost of biodiesel production.
TL;DR: In this paper, microwave fragmentation technology was used for assisting in the lipid extraction of microalgae by solvents in this study, and the experimental results showed that micro algae extracted using the solvent has the largest extracted quantity of micro algae lipid, 30.
TL;DR: In this paper, a co-precipitation method was used to synthesize solid CaO-La2O3 mixed metal oxide catalysts for transesterification of Jatropha curcus oil as feedstock to produce biodiesel.
TL;DR: This review aims at compiling the information on various yeast lipase catalyzed transesterification reactions for greener production of biodiesel.
Abstract: Biodiesel has provided an eco-friendly solution to fuel crisis, as it is renewable, biodegradable and a non-toxic fuel that can be easily produced through enzymatic transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats. Enzymatic production of biodiesel has many advantages over the conventional methods as high yields can be obtained at low reaction temperatures with easy recovery of glycerol. Microbial lipases are powerful biocatalysts for industrial applications including biodiesel production at lower costs due to its potential in hydrolyzing waste industrial materials. Among them, lipases from yeasts, Candida antarctica, Candida rugosa, Cryptococcus sp., Trichosporon asahii and Yarrowia lipolytica are known to catalyze such reactions. Moreover, stepwise addition of methanol in a three step, two step and single step reactions have been developed using yeast lipases to minimize the inhibitory effects of methanol. The latest trend in biodiesel production is the use of whole-cell as biocatalysts, since the process requires no downstream processing of the enzyme. Synthesis of value added products from the byproduct glycerol further reduces the production cost of biodiesel. This review aims at compiling the information on various yeast lipase catalyzed transesterification reactions for greener production of biodiesel.
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of transesterification of soybean oil with methanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide, as a catalyst, in a microreactor has been investigated.
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed reaction kinetics of oil transesterification was studied based on mechanism and reaction scheme of individual triglyceride, diglyceride, monoglyceride, glycerol and fatty acid methyl ester containing different combinations of gadoleic, linoleic and linolenic, oleic, palmitic and stearic acids determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of transition metal doped hydrotalcites (HTC-M) were prepared by using the "memory effect" of hydroalcite (HT), and the resulting HTC-M materials were used as solid base catalysts and evaluated in the transesterification between glycerol and dimethyl carbonate without using organic solvent.
Abstract: A series of transition metal doped hydrotalcites (HT-M) were prepared by using the “memory effect” of hydrotalcites (HT). Further calcination yields mixed oxides with more open structure and tunable basicity. The basicity of the calcined hydrotalcites (HTC-M) strongly depends on the type of transition metal and calcination temperature. The resulting HTC-M materials were used as solid base catalysts and evaluated in the transesterification between glycerol and dimethyl carbonate without using organic solvent. The correlation between the basic properties of the solid catalysts and the catalytic performance was investigated. The activity of HTC-M catalysts was demonstrated to be proportional to the surface density of basic sites. The HTC-Ni calcined at 500 °C exhibited maximum activity, which is about 10 times higher than uncalcined HT precursor for the transesterification reaction. The promotional effect of Ni2+ doping could be attributed to the enhancement of the base strength of all three types of basic sites of the calcined hydrotalcite. The HTC-Ni catalyst can be readily recycled while maintaining high catalytic activity and selectivity of glycerol carbonate.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the catalytic performance of zirconia modified with KOH as heterogeneous solid base catalyst for transesterification of Silybum marianum (oil content 46%, FFA 0.68% and linoleic acid 65.68%) oil using methanol to biodiesel.
TL;DR: In this paper, a review on the traditional (wet and dry washing) and novel (membrane separation technology and usage of ion liquids) methods of crude biodiesel purification is presented.
Abstract: For commercial application, the ester product of alkali-catalyzed transesterification of vegetable oil or animal fats should be refined after glycerol separation by settling to fulfill the biodiesel standard specifications. This crude biodiesel, after neutralization and methanol removal, should be further cleaned by either one of the following methods: wet washing, dry washing, membrane extraction or using ion liquids. This paper presents a review on the traditional (wet and dry washing) and novel (membrane separation technology and usage of ion liquids) methods of crude biodiesel purification. It also provides a comparison of crude biodiesel purification methods. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, which should be carefully analyzed when choosing the proper one for refining crude biodiesel.
TL;DR: In this article, the free fatty acids (FFA) content in crude palm oil (ACPO) was converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) using a choline chloride based deep eutectic solvent (ChCl-DES) for the first time.
TL;DR: In this paper, the microwave irradiation method was used to produce biodiesel directly from wet microalgae biomass, which was compared with the conventional water bath-assisted solvent extraction.
TL;DR: In this paper, a heterogeneous CaFe2O4-Ca2Fe 2O5-based catalyst with weak magnetism was used for the catalytic transesterification of soybean and Jatropha oils to biodiesel.