There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

THE large-scale use of photovoltaic devices for electricity generation is prohibitively expensive at present: generation from existing commercial devices costs about ten times more than conventional methods1. Here we describe a photovoltaic cell, created from low-to medium-purity materials through low-cost processes, which exhibits a commercially realistic energy-conversion efficiency. The device is based on a 10-µm-thick, optically transparent film of titanium dioxide particles a few nanometres in size, coated with a monolayer of a charge-transfer dye to sensitize the film for light harvesting. Because of the high surface area of the semiconductor film and the ideal spectral characteristics of the dye, the device harvests a high proportion of the incident solar energy flux (46%) and shows exceptionally high efficiencies for the conversion of incident photons to electrical current (more than 80%). The overall light-to-electric energy conversion yield is 7.1-7.9% in simulated solar light and 12% in diffuse daylight. The large current densities (greater than 12 mA cm-2) and exceptional stability (sustaining at least five million turnovers without decomposition), as well as the low cost, make practical applications feasible.

A low-cost, high-efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Applications

This critical review shows the basis of photocatalytic water splitting and experimental points, and surveys heterogeneous photocatalyst materials for water splitting into H2 and O2, and H2 or O2 evolution from an aqueous solution containing a sacrificial reagent Many oxides consisting of metal cations with d0 and d10 configurations, metal (oxy)sulfide and metal (oxy)nitride photocatalysts have been reported, especially during the latest decade The fruitful photocatalyst library gives important information on factors affecting photocatalytic performances and design of new materials Photocatalytic water splitting and H2 evolution using abundant compounds as electron donors are expected to contribute to construction of a clean and simple system for solar hydrogen production, and a solution of global energy and environmental issues in the future (361 references)

Heterogeneous photocatalyst materials for water splitting

Disclosed are stable, active non-precious metal oxide catalysts, such as transition metal antimonates (TMAs), for electrochemical reactions in harsh media conditions, such as the chlorine evolution reaction (CER). A disclosed electrocatalyst includes a metal oxide film containing a crystalline transition metal antimonite (TMA). The crystalline TMA may include NiSb2Ox, CoSb2Ox, or MnSb2Ox. The metal oxide film may be formed on a conductive substrate, for example, a substrate including an antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) film, using an annealing process.

Antimonate electrocatalyst for an electrochemical reaction

Evaluation and optimization of mass transport of redox species in silicon microwire-array

Jacqueline A. Dowling, California Institute of Technology, 1-626-395-4575, jdowling@caltech.edu Mengyao Yuan, Carnegie Institution for Science, 1-650-319-8904, myuan@carnegiescience.edu Fan Tong, Carnegie Institution for Science, 1-650-319-8904, ftong@carnegiescience.edu Nathan S. Lewis, California Institute of Technology, 1-626-395-6335, nslewis@caltech.edu Ken Caldeira, Carnegie Institution for Science, 1-650-319-8904, kcaldeira@carnegiescience.edu

Complementary roles of Power-to-Gas-to-Power and batteries in a 100% reliable wind and solar electricity system

Introduction This program encompasses two complementary research efforts aimed at achieving detailed understanding of electronic transport through individual molecules. The first section outlines a systematic study of electron tunneling through small molecules in order to provide a quantitative basis for the study of more complex systems. The second section describes experiments to measure the electrical transport properties of individual DNA molecules with greatly increased control over the contacts, molecular geometry, and chemical environment.

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Nathan S. Lewis

Papers

Antimonate electrocatalyst for an electrochemical reaction

Evaluation and optimization of mass transport of redox species in silicon microwire-array

Complementary roles of Power-to-Gas-to-Power and batteries in a 100% reliable wind and solar electricity system

NIRT: Single-Molecule Electrical Transport: Collaborative Nanoscale Research Bridging Chemistry and Physics

Mit verschiedenen polymerzusammensetzungen hergestellten sensoren und verfahren zu deren herstellung