Durham University

About: Durham University is a education organization based out in Durham, United Kingdom. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Galaxy. The organization has 39385 authors who have published 82311 publications receiving 3110994 citations. The organization is also known as: University of Durham & Gallery of Durham University.

Effectiveness of a Neuromuscular and Proprioceptive Training Program in Preventing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Female Athletes 2-Year Follow-up

Abstract: Background: Among female athletes it has not been established whether a neuromuscular and proprioceptive sports-specific training program will consistently reduce the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injuries.Purpose: To determine whether a neuromuscular and proprioceptive performance program was effective in decreasing the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament injury within a select population of competitive female youth soccer players.Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.Methods: In 2000, 1041 female subjects from 52 teams received a sports-specific training intervention in a prospective non-randomized trial. The control group consisted of the remaining 1905 female soccer players from 95 teams participating in the same league who were age and skill matched. In the 2001 season, 844 female athletes from 45 teams were enrolled in the study, with 1913 female athletes (from 112 teams) serving as the age- and skill-matched controls. All subjects were female soccer players between the ages...

Evolution since Z = 0.5 of the morphology-density relation for clusters of galaxies

Abstract: Using traditional morphological classifications of galaxies in 10 intermediate-redshift (z similar to 0.5) clusters observed with WFPC2 on the Hubble Space Telescope, we derive relations between morphology and local galaxy density similar to that found by Dressier for low-redshift clusters. Taken collectively, the ''morphology-density'' relationship, T-Sigma, for these more distant, presumably younger clusters is qualitatively similar to that found for the local sample, but a detailed comparison shows two substantial differences: (1) For the clusters in our sample, the T-Sigma relation is strong in centrally concentrated ''regular'' clusters, those with a strong correlation of radius and surface density, but nearly absent for clusters that are less concentrated and irregular, in contrast to the situation for low-redshift clusters, where a strong relation has been found for both. (2) In every cluster the fraction of elliptical galaxies is as large or larger than in low-redshift clusters, but the SO fraction is 2-3 times smaller, with a proportional increase of the spiral fraction. Straightforward, though probably not unique, interpretations of these observations are (1) morphological segregation proceeds hierarchically, affecting richer, denser groups of galaxies earlier, and (2) the formation of elliptical galaxies predates the formation of rich clusters and occurs instead in the loose-group phase or even earlier, but SO's are generated in large numbers only after cluster virialization.

Potent suppression of hiv-1 replication in humans by t-20, a peptide inhibitor of gp41-mediated virus entry

Abstract: T-20, a synthetic peptide corresponding to a region of the transmembrane subunit of the HIV-1 envelope protein, blocks cell fusion and viral entry at concentrations of less than 2 ng/ml in vitro. We administered intravenous T-20 (monotherapy) for 14 days to sixteen HIV-infected adults in four dose groups (3, 10, 30 and 100 mg twice daily). There were significant, dose-related declines in plasma HIV RNA in all subjects who received higher dose levels. All four subjects receiving 100 mg twice daily had a decline in plasma HIV RNA to less than 500 copies/ml, by bDNA assay. A sensitive RT-PCR assay (detection threshold 40 copies/ml) demonstrated that, although undetectable levels were not achieved in the 14-day dosing period, there was a 1.96 log10 median decline in plasma HIV RNA in these subjects. This study provides proof-of-concept that viral entry can be successfully blocked in vivo. Short-term administration of T-20 seems safe and provides potent inhibition of HIV replication comparable to anti-retroviral regimens approved at present.

Amelioration of Vascular Dysfunctions in Diabetic Rats by an Oral PKC β Inhibitor

Abstract: The vascular complications of diabetes mellitus have been correlated with enhanced activation of protein kinase C (PKC) LY333531, a specific inhibitor of the beta isoform of PKC, was synthesized and was shown to be a competitive reversible inhibitor of PKC beta 1 and beta 2, with a half-maximal inhibitory constant of approximately 5 nM; this value was one-fiftieth of that for other PKC isoenzymes and one-thousandth of that for non-PKC kinases When administered orally, LY333531 ameliorated the glomerular filtration rate, albumin excretion rate, and retinal circulation in diabetic rats in a dose-responsive manner, in parallel with its inhibition of PKC activities

Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives

Abstract: Scholarly research on the topic of leadership has witnessed a dramatic increase over the last decade, resulting in the development of diverse leadership theories. To take stock of established and developing theories since the beginning of the new millennium, we conducted an extensive qualitative review of leadership theory across 10 top-tier academic publishing outlets that included The Leadership Quarterly, Administrative Science Quarterly, American Psychologist, Journal of Management, Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, Journal of Applied Psychology, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Organizational Science, and Personnel Psychology. We then combined two existing frameworks (Gardner, Lowe, Moss, Mahoney, & Cogliser, 2010; Lord & Dinh, 2012) to provide a process-oriented framework that emphasizes both forms of emergence and levels of analysis as a means to integrate diverse leadership theories. We then describe the implications of the findings for future leadership research and theory.