International Food Policy Research Institute

About: International Food Policy Research Institute is a nonprofit organization based out in Washington D.C., District of Columbia, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Agriculture & Food security. The organization has 1217 authors who have published 4952 publications receiving 218436 citations.

A consistent, ad-valorem equivalent measure of applied protection across the world: The MAcMap-HS6 database

Abstract: MAcMap-HS6 is a database providing with a consistent, ad valorem equivalent measure of tariff duties and tariff rate quotas for 163 countries and 208 partners, at the six-digit level of the Harmonized System (5,111 products). Based on a joint effort by ITC (UNCTAD-WTO, Geneva) and CEPII (Paris) to systematically collect and harmonize the relevant information, we describe here the methodology used in MAcMap-HS6 to compute and aggregate an ad valorem equivalent of applied protection, well suited for analytical purposes (in particular computable general equilibrium analysis). Special emphasis is put in minimizing the endogeneity bias in the aggregation procedure, by making use of a weighting scheme based on groups of countries (reference groups). Structural differences in export specialization, as reflected in different unit values, are also acknowledged when computing ad valorem equivalents, and tariff rate quota rents are computed. The resulting quantitative assessment is illustrated by giving an overview of ad valorem equivalent, applied protection across the world, in terms of average as well as distribution.

Estimates of burden and consequences of infants born small for gestational age in low and middle income countries with INTERGROWTH-21 st standard: Analysis of CHERG datasets

Abstract: Objectives To estimate small for gestational age birth prevalence and attributable neonatal mortality in low and middle income countries with the INTERGROWTH-21 st birth weight standard. Design Secondary analysis of data from the Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group (CHERG), including 14 birth cohorts with gestational age, birth weight, and neonatal follow-up. Small for gestational age was defined as infants weighing less than the 10th centile birth weight for gestational age and sex with the multiethnic, INTERGROWTH-21 st birth weight standard. Prevalence of small for gestational age and neonatal mortality risk ratios were calculated and pooled among these datasets at the regional level. With available national level data, prevalence of small for gestational age and population attributable fractions of neonatal mortality attributable to small for gestational age were estimated. Setting CHERG birth cohorts from 14 population based sites in low and middle income countries. Main outcome measures In low and middle income countries in the year 2012, the number and proportion of infants born small for gestational age; number and proportion of neonatal deaths attributable to small for gestational age; the number and proportion of neonatal deaths that could be prevented by reducing the prevalence of small for gestational age to 10%. Results In 2012, an estimated 23.3 million infants (uncertainty range 17.6 to 31.9; 19.3% of live births) were born small for gestational age in low and middle income countries. Among these, 11.2 million (0.8 to 15.8) were term and not low birth weight (≥2500 g), 10.7 million (7.6 to 15.0) were term and low birth weight ( Conclusions In low and middle income countries, about one in five infants are born small for gestational age, and one in four neonatal deaths are among such infants. Increased efforts are required to improve the quality of care for and survival of these high risk infants in low and middle income countries

Climate change impacts on agriculture in 2050 under a range of plausible socioeconomic and emissions scenarios

Abstract: Previous studies have combined climate, crop and economic models to examine the impact of climate change on agricultural production and food security, but results have varied widely due to differences in models, scenarios and input data Recent work has examined (and narrowed) these differences through systematic model intercomparison using a high-emissions pathway to highlight the differences This paper extends that analysis to explore a range of plausible socioeconomic scenarios and emission pathways Results from multiple climate and economic models are combined to examine the global and regional impacts of climate change on agricultural yields, area, production, consumption, prices and trade for coarse grains, rice, wheat, oilseeds and sugar crops to 2050 We find that climate impacts on global average yields, area, production and consumption are similar across shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP 1, 2 and 3, as we implement them based on population, income and productivity drivers), except when changes in trade policies are included Impacts on trade and prices are higher for SSP 3 than SSP 2, and higher for SSP 2 than for SSP 1 Climate impacts for all variables are similar across low to moderate emissions pathways (RCP 45 and RCP 60), but increase for a higher emissions pathway (RCP 85) It is important to note that these global averages may hide regional variations Projected reductions in agricultural yields due to climate change by 2050 are larger for some crops than those estimated for the past half century, but smaller than projected increases to 2050 due to rising demand and intrinsic productivity growth Results illustrate the sensitivity of climate change impacts to differences in socioeconomic and emissions pathways Yield impacts increase at high emissions levels and vary with changes in population, income and technology, but are reduced in all cases by endogenous changes in prices and other variables

From "Made in China" to "Innovated in China": Necessity, Prospect, and Challenges

Abstract: After more than three decades of high growth based on its low-wage advantage and relatively favorable demographics--in combination with market-oriented reforms and openness to the world economy--China is at a crossroads with a much higher wage and a shrinking workforce. Future growth will depend, by necessity, more on the generation of increased productivity, and domestic innovation will play an important part in this. In this paper, we assess the likelihood that China can make the necessary transition. Using data on expenditure on research and development, and patent applications, receipts, and citations, we show that the Chinese economy has become increasingly innovative. We will argue that rising wages and expanding markets are among the important drivers of China's growth in innovation. On the other hand, we find evidence of resource misallocation in the innovation area: while state-owned firms receive more subsidies, private firms exhibit more innovation results. Innovation can presumably progress even faster if resource misallocation can be tackled.