Miami University

About: Miami University is a education organization based out in Oxford, Ohio, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 9949 authors who have published 19598 publications receiving 568410 citations. The organization is also known as: Miami of Ohio & Miami-Ohio.

Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in a Changing Climate

Abstract: The projected large increases in damaging ultraviolet radiation as a result of global emissions of ozone-depleting substances have been forestalled by the success of the Montreal Protocol. New challenges are now arising in relation to climate change. We highlight the complex interactions between the drivers of climate change and those of stratospheric ozone depletion, and the positive and negative feedbacks among climate, ozone and ultraviolet radiation. These will result in both risks and benefits of exposure to ultraviolet radiation for the environment and human welfare. This Review synthesizes these new insights and their relevance in a world where changes in climate as well as in stratospheric ozone are altering exposure to ultraviolet radiation with largely unknown consequences for the biosphere.

Lake‐size dependency of wind shear and convection as controls on gas exchange

Abstract: [1] High-frequency physical observations from 40 temperate lakes were used to examine the relative contributions of wind shear (u*) and convection (w*) to turbulence in the surface mixed layer. Seasonal patterns of u* and w* were dissimilar; u* was often highest in the spring, while w*increased throughout the summer to a maximum in early fall. Convection was a larger mixed-layer turbulence source than wind shear (u*/w* < 0.75) for 18 of the 40 lakes, including all 11 lakes <10 ha. As a consequence, the relative contribution of convection to the gas transfer velocity (k, estimated by the surface renewal model) was greater for small lakes. The average k was 0.54 m day−1 for lakes <10 ha. Because u* and w*differ in temporal pattern and magnitude across lakes, both convection and wind shear should be considered in future formulations of lake-air gas exchange, especially for small lakes.

Variation in Mammalian Physiological Responses to a Condensed Tannin and Its Ecological Implications

Abstract: Mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus ), domestic sheep ( Ovis aries ), and American black bears ( Ursus americanus ) were fed quebracho ( Schinopsis sp.) tannin to determine the contribution of salivary proteins to nitrogen- and fiber-digestive efficiencies and tannin metabolism. These values were compared to previously published values for laboratory rats ( Rattus rattus ) and prairie voles ( Microtus ochrogaster ). Mule deer, black bears, and laboratory rats consuming this condensed tannin produced tannin-binding salivary proteins that reduced fecal-nitrogen losses per unit of ingested tannin and reduced tannin metabolism relative to domestic sheep and prairie voles. Digestibility of the plant fiber was reduced significantly by tannins in domestic sheep, but not in mule deer. Although virtually all ingested tannin (98.3 ± 5.0%) was recovered in feces of mule deer and black bears, ca. 25% was not recovered in feces of domestic sheep and presumably was metabolized. The defensive role of tannins as digestion inhibitors or toxins is dependent upon the molecular characteristics of the tannin interacting with the physiological capability of the animal. Results from one plant-mammal interaction cannot be used to interpret others without an understanding of the characteristics of the tannins and the physiology, ecology, and evolution of the animal.