Showing papers by "Miami University published in 2017"
TL;DR: This review focuses on the many new developments that have occurred over the past several years that enhance the understanding of this microbe, which is among the smallest bacterial pathogens but one of great clinical importance.
Abstract: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is an important cause of respiratory tract infections in children as well as adults that can range in severity from mild to life-threatening Over the past several years there has been much new information published concerning infections caused by this organism New molecular-based tests for M pneumoniae detection are now commercially available in the United States, and advances in molecular typing systems have enhanced understanding of the epidemiology of infections More strains have had their entire genome sequences published, providing additional insights into pathogenic mechanisms Clinically significant acquired macrolide resistance has emerged worldwide and is now complicating treatment In vitro susceptibility testing methods have been standardized, and several new drugs that may be effective against this organism are undergoing development This review focuses on the many new developments that have occurred over the past several years that enhance our understanding of this microbe, which is among the smallest bacterial pathogens but one of great clinical importance
365 citations
31 Mar 2017
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a book that discusses the principal themes of epistemic injustice, highlights numerous connections to other academic literatures and contemporary debates, and opens the door to potential areas of further study that will make projects such as identifying and resisting immigration injustices in US policy much easier.
Abstract: David, an asylum seeker from Honduras, wanted to ask for asylum in the US, but, he said, “the agents didn’t listen. They just gave me documents to come back to a court date in December.” David is just one of thousands of asylum seekers sent back to Mexico under the Migrant Protection Protocols, which were adopted by the United States Customs and Border Patrol on January 28, 2019 (more commonly known as the “Remain in Mexico” policy). According to these protocols, Customs and Border Patrol agents can send those seeking asylum at the United States southern border to Mexico until their case is heard in court (DHS 2019). In this context, most asylum officers see their jobs as “trying to weed out the fakers, the ones trying to game the system” (O’Toole 2019), meaning that they enter all interactions with asylum seekers with the presumption of distrust. Consequently, the experience of a Honduran woman—who told authorities that she could not wait in Mexico for her court date because it was unsafe for her to do so, only to have the agent not believe her and send her back to Mexico where she was kidnapped and raped by multiple assailants (Rose and Smitherman 2019)—is all too common. Countless injustices are engendered by this policy, with epistemic injustices prominent among them. Detailing how this is so may seem overwhelming, though, especially since the literature on immigration justice rarely intersects with that dealing with epistemic injustice. And, even more challenging, someone may not know where to begin since the discussion on epistemic injustice has grown so fast since Miranda Fricker’s book, Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing, burst onto the scene (Fricker 2007). But now, with the publication of the excellent, well-written, and beautifully compiled Routledge Handbook of Epistemic Injustice, there is a book that discusses the principal themes of epistemic injustice, highlights numerous connections to other academic literatures and contemporary debates, and opens the door to potential areas of further study that will make projects—such as identifying and resisting immigration injustices in US policy—much easier. In order to accomplish these goals, the anthology is divided into five parts. The first section—core concepts—consists of various essays that invite novice and experienced readers alike into the conversation. Here, the section combines essays that explain the main concepts in the literature, such as epistemic injustice (Pohlhaus, Jr.), testimonial injustice (Jeremy Wanderer), and hermeneutical injustice (José Medina); connect the debates to other traditional philosophical discussions, such as those about trust
268 citations
TL;DR: This work presents the functional traits that have already been used to assess the key functions played by fish and highlights how a trait-based framework could provide valuable insights on the mechanistic links between global changes, functional diversity of fish assemblages, and ecosystem services.
Abstract: Fish communities face increasing anthropogenic pressures in freshwater and marine ecosystems that modify their biodiversity and threaten the services they supply to human populations. To address these issues, studies have been increasingly focusing on functions of fish that are linked to their main ecological roles in aquatic ecosystems. Fish are indeed known to control other organisms through predation, mediate nutrient fluxes, and can act as ecosystem engineers. Here for each of the key functions played by fish, we present the functional traits that have already been used to assess them. We include traits measurable from observations on living individuals, morphological features measured on preserved organisms or traits categorized using information from the literature, and we discuss their respective advantages and limitations. We then list future research directions to foster a more complete functional approach for fish ecology that needs to incorporate functional traits describing, food provisioning and cultural services while accounting more frequently for intraspecific variability. Finally, we highlight ecological and evolutionary questions that could be addressed using meta-analyses of large trait databases, and how a trait-based framework could provide valuable insights on the mechanistic links between global changes, functional diversity of fish assemblages, and ecosystem services.
224 citations
TL;DR: Flexible co-transmission mediated even by a single neuron can configure microcircuit activity via an array of contributing mechanisms, operating on multiple timescales, to enhance both behavioural flexibility and robustness.
Abstract: Colocalization of small-molecule and neuropeptide transmitters is common throughout the nervous system of all animals. The resulting co-transmission, which provides conjoint ionotropic ('classical') and metabotropic ('modulatory') actions, includes neuropeptide- specific aspects that are qualitatively different from those that result from metabotropic actions of small-molecule transmitter release. Here, we focus on the flexibility afforded to microcircuits by such co-transmission, using examples from various nervous systems. Insights from such studies indicate that co-transmission mediated even by a single neuron can configure microcircuit activity via an array of contributing mechanisms, operating on multiple timescales, to enhance both behavioural flexibility and robustness.
212 citations
TL;DR: The patterning of gender disparities in STEM that leads to a focus on communal goal congruity is reviewed, evidence for the foundational logic of the perspective is provided, and the implications for research and policy are explored.
Abstract: The goal congruity perspective provides a theoretical framework to understand how motivational processes influence and are influenced by social roles. In particular, we invoke this framework to understand communal goal processes as proximal motivators of decisions to engage in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). STEM fields are not perceived as affording communal opportunities to work with or help others, and understanding these perceived goal affordances can inform knowledge about differences between (a) STEM and other career pathways and (b) women's and men's choices. We review the patterning of gender disparities in STEM that leads to a focus on communal goal congruity (Part I), provide evidence for the foundational logic of the perspective (Part II), and explore the implications for research and policy (Part III). Understanding and transmitting the opportunities for communal goal pursuit within STEM can reap widespread benefits for broadening and deepening participation.
200 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is found that biased perceptions of young Black men’s physical size may play a role in this process, and perceivers appear to integrate multiple pieces of information to ultimately conclude that youngBlack men are more physically threatening than young White men, believing that they must therefore be controlled using more aggressive measures.
Abstract: Black men tend to be stereotyped as threatening and, as a result, may be disproportionately targeted by police even when unarmed. Here, we found evidence that biased perceptions of young Black men's physical size may play a role in this process. The results of 7 studies showed that people have a bias to perceive young Black men as bigger (taller, heavier, more muscular) and more physically threatening (stronger, more capable of harm) than young White men. Both bottom-up cues of racial prototypicality and top-down information about race supported these misperceptions. Furthermore, this racial bias persisted even among a target sample from whom upper-body strength was controlled (suggesting that racial differences in formidability judgments are a product of bias rather than accuracy). Biased formidability judgments in turn promoted participants' justifications of hypothetical use of force against Black suspects of crime. Thus, perceivers appear to integrate multiple pieces of information to ultimately conclude that young Black men are more physically threatening than young White men, believing that they must therefore be controlled using more aggressive measures. (PsycINFO Database Record
162 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the validity of using online workers as a proxy for non-experts when accounting research designs use more demanding tasks than these workers typically complete, and they find that online workers are at least as willing as students to make costly choices, even at significantly lower wages.
Abstract: Online labor markets allow rapid recruitment of large numbers of workers for very low pay. Although online workers are often used as research participants, there is little evidence that they are motivated to make costly choices to forgo wealth or leisure that are often central to addressing accounting research questions. Thus, we investigate the validity of using online workers as a proxy for non-experts when accounting research designs use more demanding tasks than these workers typically complete. Three experiments examine the costly choices of online workers relative to student research participants. We find that online workers are at least as willing as students to make costly choices, even at significantly lower wages. We also find that online workers are sensitive to performance-based wages, which are just as effective in inducing high effort as high fixed wages. We discuss implications of our results for conducting accounting research with online workers. Data Availability: Contact the au...
158 citations
TL;DR: The results show that the LASSO model performed well for both physical fatigue detection and modeling, and is not participant and/or workload regime specific and thus can be adopted for other applications.
157 citations
TL;DR: The mechanisms behind CND in fresh waters are reviewed and it is highlighted that shifts in community composition or biomass of consumers and eco‐evolutionary underpinnings can have strong effects on the functional role of consumers in ecosystem processes, yet these are relatively unexplored aspects of CND.
Abstract: The role of animals in modulating nutrient cycling [hereafter, consumer-driven nutrient dynamics (CND)] has been accepted as an important influence on both community structure and ecosystem function in aquatic systems. Yet there is great variability in the influence of CND across species and ecosystems, and the causes of this variation are not well understood. Here, we review and synthesize the mechanisms behind CND in fresh waters. We reviewed 131 articles on CND published between 1973 and 1 June 2015. The rate of new publications in CND has increased from 1.4 papers per year during 1973–2002 to 7.3 per year during 2003–2015. The majority of investigations are in North America with many concentrating on fish. More recent studies have focused on animal-mediated nutrient excretion rates relative to nutrient demand and indirect impacts (e.g. decomposition). We identified several mechanisms that influence CND across levels of biological organization. Factors affecting the stoichiometric plasticity of consumers, including body size, feeding history and ontogeny, play an important role in determining the impact of individual consumers on nutrient dynamics and underlie the stoichiometry of CND across time and space. The abiotic characteristics of an ecosystem affect the net impact of consumers on ecosystem processes by influencing consumer metabolic processes (e.g. consumption and excretion/egestion rates), non-CND supply of nutrients and ecosystem nutrient demand. Furthermore, the transformation and transport of elements by populations and communities of consumers also influences the flow of energy and nutrients across ecosystem boundaries. This review highlights that shifts in community composition or biomass of consumers and eco-evolutionary underpinnings can have strong effects on the functional role of consumers in ecosystem processes, yet these are relatively unexplored aspects of CND. Future research should evaluate the value of using species traits and abiotic conditions to predict and understand the effects of consumers on ecosystem-level nutrient dynamics across temporal and spatial scales. Moreover, new work in CND should strive to integrate knowledge from disparate fields of ecology and environmental science, such as physiology and ecosystem ecology, to develop a comprehensive and mechanistic understanding of the functional role of consumers. Comparative and experimental studies that develop testable hypotheses to challenge the current assumptions of CND, including consumer stoichiometric homeostasis, are needed to assess the significance of CND among species and across freshwater ecosystems.
145 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that diversifying the knowledge base of financial expert systems can benefit from data captured from nontraditional experts like Google and Wikipedia, and combining disparate online data sources with traditional time-series and technical indicators for a stock can provide a more effective and intelligent daily trading expert system.
Abstract: A financial expert system for predicting the daily stock movements.Knowledge base captures both traditional and online data sources.The inference engine uses three artificial intelligence techniques.Prediction accuracy of 85% is higher than the reported results in the literature.The system is hosted online and freely available for investors and researchers. There are several commercial financial expert systems that can be used for trading on the stock exchange. However, their predictions are somewhat limited since they primarily rely on time-series analysis of the market. With the rise of the Internet, new forms of collective intelligence (e.g. Google and Wikipedia) have emerged, representing a new generation of crowd-sourced knowledge bases. They collate information on publicly traded companies, while capturing web traffic statistics that reflect the publics collective interest. Google and Wikipedia have become important knowledge bases for investors. In this research, we hypothesize that combining disparate online data sources with traditional time-series and technical indicators for a stock can provide a more effective and intelligent daily trading expert system. Three machine learning models, decision trees, neural networks and support vector machines, serve as the basis for our inference engine. To evaluate the performance of our expert system, we present a case study based on the AAPL (Apple NASDAQ) stock. Our expert system had an 85% accuracy in predicting the next-day AAPL stock movement, which outperforms the reported rates in the literature. Our results suggest that: (a) the knowledge base of financial expert systems can benefit from data captured from nontraditional experts like Google and Wikipedia; (b) diversifying the knowledge base by combining data from disparate sources can help improve the performance of financial expert systems; and (c) the use of simple machine learning models for inference and rule generation is appropriate with our rich knowledge database. Finally, an intelligent decision making tool is provided to assist investors in making trading decisions on any stock, commodity or index.
137 citations
TL;DR: High-impact chronic pain is unequally distributed among midlife and older U.S. adults and efforts to reduce the burden of disabling chronic pain should prioritize socioeconomically vulnerable groups, who may have the least access to multimodal pain treatment to improve function.
TL;DR: The principle, optimization variables, advantages and disadvantages and some selected applications of DLLME-SFOD in water, food and biomedical analysis are discussed.
TL;DR: A new class of inhibitors for NDM-1 and two related β-lactamases, IMP and VIM-2, was identified by utilization of fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD), and was identified to be highly selective for MBLs when compared to other Zn(II) metalloenzymes.
Abstract: The efficacy of β-lactam antibiotics is threatened by the emergence and global spread of metallo-β-lactamase-(MBL) mediated resistance, specifically New Delhi-Metallo-β- lactamase-1 (NDM-1). Utilizing fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD), a new class of inhibitors for NDM-1 and two related β-lactamases, IMP-1 and VIM-2, was identified. Based on 2,6-dipicolinic acid (DPA), several libraries were synthesized for structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis. Inhibitor 36 (IC50 = 80 nM) was identified to be highly selective for MBLs when compared to other Zn(II) metalloenzymes. While DPA displayed a propensity to chelate metal ions from NDM-1, 36 formed a stable NDM-1:Zn(II):inhibitor ternary complex, as demonstrated by 1H NMR, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, equilibrium dialysis, intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence emission, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. When co-administered with 36 (at concentrations non-toxic to mammalian cells), the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of imipenem against...
Michigan State University1, United States Army Corps of Engineers2, University of Wisconsin-Madison3, Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation4, Ohio Department of Natural Resources5, University of Minnesota6, United States Environmental Protection Agency7, Miami University8, University of Rhode Island9, Hobart and William Smith Colleges10, Oregon State University11, Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians12, Cornell University13, Fond du Lac Reservation14, New York City Department of Environmental Protection15, Indiana University16, University of Missouri17, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation18, Université de Montréal19, Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection20, University of New Hampshire21, United States Geological Survey22, University of Maine23, University of Virginia24, Uppsala University25, University of Connecticut26, Eaton Corporation27, Great Lakes Institute of Management28, University of Michigan29, Institute of Ecosystem Studies30, Trinity College, Dublin31, Framingham State University32
TL;DR: This database is one of the largest and most comprehensive databases of its type because it includes both in situ measurements and ecological context data and can be used as the foundation for other studies of freshwaters at broad spatial and ecological scales.
Abstract: Understanding the factors that affect water quality and the ecological services provided by freshwater ecosystems is an urgent global environmental issue. Predicting how water quality will respond ...
TL;DR: The different features and algorithms used in Cassandra are described, along with implementation details and theoretical underpinnings to various methods used.
Abstract: Cassandra is an open source atomistic Monte Carlo software package that is effective in simulating the thermodynamic properties of fluids and solids. The different features and algorithms used in Cassandra are described, along with implementation details and theoretical underpinnings to various methods used. Benchmark and example calculations are shown, and information on how users can obtain the package and contribute to it are provided. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TL;DR: It is shown that carbodiimides constitute a simple class of chemical fuels for dissipative assembly, taking advantage of their known reactivity to produce (hydrolytically unstable) anhydrides from carboxylic acids in water.
Abstract: Biochemical systems make extensive use of chemically fueled processes (e.g., using ATP), but analogous abiotic systems remain rare. A key challenge is the identification of transformations that can be adapted to a range of applications and make use of readily available chemical fuels. In this context, the generation of transient covalent bonds is a fundamental tool for nonequilibrium systems chemistry. Here, we show that carbodiimides constitute a simple class of chemical fuels for dissipative assembly, taking advantage of their known reactivity to produce (hydrolytically unstable) anhydrides from carboxylic acids in water. Both aliphatic and aromatic anhydrides are formed on convenient time scales using the common, commercially available peptide coupling agent 1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide (EDC). An important feature of this reaction is that no part of the carbodiimide is incorporated into the transient species; that is, the fuel is decoupled from the structure-and thus function-of the assembled state. We show that intramolecular anhydride formation of oligo(ethylene glycol) diacids gives macrocycles analogous to crown ethers, representing minimal examples of out-of-equilibrium supramolecular hosts. The kinetics and yields of macrocycle formation respond to cation guests, with the presence of matched cations decreasing their overall production.
TL;DR: In this paper, a review examines posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to child maltreatment in adults, PTSD comorbidities, and complex PTSD, with a focus on emotion dysregulation.
Abstract: This review examines posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) related to child maltreatment in adults, PTSD comorbidities, and complex PTSD, with a focus on emotion dysregulation. Adults maltreated as children report high rates of PTSD. Although all forms of child maltreatment are associated with increased PTSD risk, effects are stronger for child sexual and emotional abuse, abuse in the context of other adverse childhood experiences, and cumulative abuse. PTSD comorbidities that involve emotion dysregulation are examined, including substance use disorders, eating disorders, and borderline personality disorder. Emotion dysregulation appears to be a coalescent factor in the nexus of child maltreatment, PTSD, and other comorbidities. Treatment recommendations are made for adults with child maltreatment–related PTSD and comorbidities.
TL;DR: The authors provide a framework to understand and synthesize the processes of person construal with the processes involved in intergroup relations, and explore the implications of the activation of these constructs for a range of social judgments including emotion identification, empathy, and intergroup behaviors.
Abstract: The primary aim of this chapter is to provide a framework to understand and synthesize the processes of person construal—early perceptions that lead to initial ingroup/outgroup categorizations—with the processes involved in intergroup relations. To this end, we review research examining the initial perception and categorization of ingroup and outgroup members and its downstream consequences. We first discuss bottom-up processes in person construal based on visual features (e.g., facial prototypicality and bodily cues), and then discuss how top-down factors (e.g., beliefs, stereotypes) may influence these processes. Next, we examine how the initial categorization of targets as ingroup or outgroup members influences identification, stereotyping, and group-based evaluations, and the relations between these constructs. We also explore the implications of the activation of these constructs for a range of social judgments including emotion identification, empathy, and intergroup behaviors. Finally, we describe a variety of well established and more recent strategies to reduce intergroup bias that target the activation of category-based knowledge, including intergroup contact, approach orientations, evaluative conditioning, and perspective taking.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore a more comprehensive view of formalization in which an institutional intermediary seeks to help small producers transition from selling their goods in informal markets (where formal regulations and infrastructures do not exist or are severely underdeveloped) to formal markets.
TL;DR: A robust and unprecedented protocol for facile development of high-performance nanoframe catalysts using size and crystallographic facet-controlled PtNi4 tetrahexahedral nanocrystals prepared through a colloidal synthesis approach as precursors is demonstrated.
Abstract: Chemically controlling crystal structures in nanoscale is challenging, yet provides an effective way to improve catalytic performances. Pt-based nanoframes are a new class of nanomaterials that have great potential as high-performance catalysts. To date, these nanoframes are formed through acid etching in aqueous solutions, which demands long reaction time and often yields ill-defined surface structures. Herein we demonstrate a robust and unprecedented protocol for facile development of high-performance nanoframe catalysts using size and crystallographic facet-controlled PtNi4 tetrahexahedral nanocrystals prepared through a colloidal synthesis approach as precursors. This new protocol employs the Mond process to preferentially dealloy nickel component in the ⟨100⟩ direction through carbon monoxide etching of carbon-supported PtNi4 tetrahexahedral nanocrystals at an elevated temperature. The resultant Pt3Ni alloy tetrahexahedral nanoframes possess an open, stable, and high-indexed microstructure, containin...
TL;DR: It is shown that different MβLs share the same reaction mechanism, suggesting new strategies for drug design and open avenues for rationally designed inhibitors of all M βLs, notwithstanding the profound differences between these enzymes’ active site structure, β-lactam specificity and metal content.
Abstract: Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae threaten human health, since carbapenems are last resort drugs for infections by such organisms. Metallo-β-lactamases (MβLs) are the main mechanism of resistance against carbapenems. Clinically approved inhibitors of MBLs are currently unavailable as design has been limited by the incomplete knowledge of their mechanism. Here, we report a biochemical and biophysical study of carbapenem hydrolysis by the B1 enzymes NDM-1 and BcII in the bi-Zn(II) form, the mono-Zn(II) B2 Sfh-I and the mono-Zn(II) B3 GOB-18. These MβLs hydrolyse carbapenems via a similar mechanism, with accumulation of the same anionic intermediates. We characterize the Michaelis complex formed by mono-Zn(II) enzymes, and we identify all intermediate species, enabling us to propose a chemical mechanism for mono and binuclear MβLs. This common mechanism open avenues for rationally designed inhibitors of all MβLs, notwithstanding the profound differences between these enzymes' active site structure, β-lactam specificity and metal content.Carbapenem-resistant bacteria pose a major health threat by expressing metallo-β-lactamases (MβLs), enzymes able to hydrolyse these life-saving drugs. Here the authors use biophysical and computational methods and show that different MβLs share the same reaction mechanism, suggesting new strategies for drug design.
TL;DR: Hydroxyl radicals produced from oxygenation of structural Fe(II) in ferruginous clay minerals significantly degraded high concentrations of 1,4-dioxane within 120h under circumneutral pH and dark condition.
TL;DR: MHBC is thought to occur through shared co-variation of underlying motivating mechanisms, but how these relationships influence behavior remains unclear and a better understanding of the relationship between behaviors and the related motivating mechanisms is needed.
Abstract: Non-communicable diseases (ie, chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, diabetes and obesity) result in 36 million deaths each year Individuals' habitual participation in a single health-risk behaviors substantially contribute to morbidity and mortality (eg, tobacco use, daily fast food intake, etc); however, more concerning is the impact of typically co-occurring or clustering of multiple health-risk behaviors This burden can be minimized through successful cessation of health-risk behaviors and adoption of healthy behaviors; namely healthy lifestyle adoption or multiple health behavior change (MHBC) MHBC is a developing field and future research recommendations are provided to advance MHBC research A valid measure of MHBC (ie, lifestyle) is warranted to provide the needed basis for MHBC investigations and evaluations MHBC is thought to occur through shared co-variation of underlying motivating mechanisms, but how these relationships influence behavior remains unclear A better understanding of the relationship between behaviors and the related motivating mechanisms (and potential cross-relationship of influences) is needed Future research should also aim to improve lifestyles through understanding how to change multiple health behaviors Finally, MHBC research should target the development of sustainable interventions which result in lasting effects (eg, capacity, systems, policy and environmental changes), with dissemination considered during development Focusing MHBC research in these areas will increase our understanding and maximize the impact on the health of populations
08 May 2017
TL;DR: The authors explored the implications of a white savior mentality through the lens of three different, yet over-lapping, personal and social media: my own story as a beginning, white teacher in racially diverse school settings; popular texts that romanticize white teachers who come in to “save the day”; and the experiences of future teachers with whom I have worked to interrogate a White Savior Industrial Complex (WSIC).
Abstract: This paper seeks to report the findings of a cultural studies project conducted in an upperclassman, undergraduate, teacher preparation course. With this paper, I explore the implications of a white savior mentality through the lens of three different, yet over-lapping, personal and social media: my own story as a beginning, white teacher in racially diverse school settings; popular texts that romanticize white teachers who come in to “save the day”; and the experiences of future teachers with whom I have worked to interrogate a White Savior Industrial Complex (WSIC). With this paper, then, I work to investigate the social institutions that animate the WSIC, which I position as a detrimental extension of a superhero teacher that perpetuates inequalities in schools if left unexamined. More specifically, to combat the structures of inequality that exist in our schools, I argue for critical race theory and critical whiteness studies courses as a potential space for white teachers to dialogue and come to terms with their understandings of white supremacy.
TL;DR: In this paper, a doubly dynamic polymer networks were synthesized with two distinct exchangeable cross-linkers, one linker is highly dynamic and rapidly exchanging hydrogen bonded 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy) and the second is a thermoresponsive furan-maleimide Diels-Alder adduct (FMI).
Abstract: Doubly dynamic polymer networks were synthesized with two distinct exchangeable cross-linkers. The first linker is highly dynamic and rapidly exchanging hydrogen bonded 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy) and the second is a thermoresponsive furan-maleimide Diels–Alder adduct (FMI). Two network architectures were considered: an interpenetrating network (IPN) where one network is cross-linked with the UPy linker and the other is cross-linked with the FMI linker, and a single network (SN) where both the UPy and FMI linkers are in the same single network. Remarkably, the IPNs were superior to the SNs with the same composition of the UPy and FMI cross-linkers when comparing peak stress, strain at break, fracture toughness, malleability, and self-healing. Both materials studied were stable and creep resistant under ambient conditions.
Shirshov Institute of Oceanology1, North Carolina State University2, University of Virginia3, Marine Biological Laboratory4, South Dakota State University5, Sukachev Institute of Forest6, National Institute for Environmental Studies7, Massachusetts Institute of Technology8, NASA Headquarters9, Michigan State University10, University of Copenhagen11, Kazan Federal University12, University of New Hampshire13, University of Maryland, College Park14, George Washington University15, California Institute of Technology16, University of Michigan17, Charles University in Prague18, University of Reading19, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis20, State Hydrological Institute21, National Institute of Aerospace22, University of Oklahoma23, Michigan Technological University24, Miami University25, Purdue University26, Joseph Fourier University27
TL;DR: The Northern Eurasia Future Initiative (NEFI) as discussed by the authors has been designed as an essential continuation of the NEESPI, which was launched in 2004 to elucidate all aspects of ongoing environmental change, to inform societies and to better prepare societies for future developments.
Abstract: During the past several decades, the Earth system has changed significantly, especially across Northern Eurasia. Changes in the socio-economic conditions of the larger countries in the region have also resulted in a variety of regional environmental changes that can have global consequences. The Northern Eurasia Future Initiative (NEFI) has been designed as an essential continuation of the Northern Eurasia Earth Science Partnership Initiative (NEESPI), which was launched in 2004. NEESPI sought to elucidate all aspects of ongoing environmental change, to inform societies and, thus, to better prepare societies for future developments. A key principle of NEFI is that these developments must now be secured through science-based strategies co-designed with regional decision-makers to lead their societies to prosperity in the face of environmental and institutional challenges. NEESPI scientific research, data, and models have created a solid knowledge base to support the NEFI program. This paper presents the NEFI research vision consensus based on that knowledge. It provides the reader with samples of recent accomplishments in regional studies and formulates new NEFI science questions. To address these questions, nine research foci are identified and their selections are briefly justified. These foci include warming of the Arctic; changing frequency, pattern, and intensity of extreme and inclement environmental conditions; retreat of the cryosphere; changes in terrestrial water cycles; changes in the biosphere; pressures on land use; changes in infrastructure; societal actions in response to environmental change; and quantification of Northern Eurasia’s role in the global Earth system. Powerful feedbacks between the Earth and human systems in Northern Eurasia (e.g., mega-fires, droughts, depletion of the cryosphere essential for water supply, retreat of sea ice) result from past and current human activities (e.g., large-scale water withdrawals, land use, and governance change) and potentially restrict or provide new opportunities for future human activities. Therefore, we propose that integrated assessment models are needed as the final stage of global change assessment. The overarching goal of this NEFI modeling effort will enable evaluation of economic decisions in response to changing environmental conditions and justification of mitigation and adaptation efforts.
TL;DR: In this article, a qualitative study of 46 firms that pursued B Corp certification found that joining a prosocial category catalyzes identity-driven reflexivity, which can alter the firm's engagement in prosocial activity.
21 Mar 2017
TL;DR: Compared online test results from proctored versus unproctored online tests, significant grade disparity and different time usage occurred on different exams, both across and within sections of the same course where some students used test proctoring software and others did not.
Abstract: Online education continues to grow, bringing opportunities and challenges for students and instructors. One challenge is the perception that academic integrity associated with online tests is compromised due to undetected cheating that yields artificially higher grades. To address these concerns, proctoring software has been developed to address and prevent academic dishonesty. The purpose of this study was to compare online test results from proctored versus unproctored online tests. Test performance of 147 students enrolled in multiple sections of an online course were compared using linear mixed effects models with nearly half the students having no proctoring and the remainder required to use online proctoring software. Students scored, on average, 17 points lower [95% CI: 14, 20] and used significantly less time in online tests that used proctoring software versus unproctored tests. Significant grade disparity and different time usage occurred on different exams, both across and within sections of the same course where some students used test proctoring software and others did not. Implications and suggestions for incorporating strategic interventions to address integrity, addressing disparate test scores, and validating student knowledge in online classes are discussed.
TL;DR: An extensive bibliometric analysis of published academic articles on RL for the period of 1992-2015 is conducted to identify the most influential RL research publications/citations in each of the five periods and their research contribution.
Abstract: Purpose
Interest in reverse logistics (RL) as a critical component of supply chain management (SCM) is gaining more traction with both practitioners and academics. Because of RL’s growing strategic importance, it is imperative to conduct a timely and comprehensive literature review and to identify associated opportunities for future research. The paper aims to discuss these issues.
Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, the researchers conduct an extensive bibliometric analysis of published academic articles on RL for the period of 1992-2015. Specifically, the CiteSpace software is utilized to conduct document co-citation analysis and burst detection analysis on 912 selected RL articles and their 22,642 references.
Findings
This research identifies the most influential RL research publications/citations in each of the five periods and their research contribution. Using co-citation analysis, the authors are able to identify and illustrate major research themes, knowledge groups, and future research opportunities in the RL field.
Originality/value
In contrast to existing literature review studies in the logistics field, the study uses impact factor as a key article selection criterion. The influential articles identified in this process well represent the core literature and RL body of knowledge and have important implications for future research.