A primate subfamily of galectins expressed at the maternal–fetal interface that promote immune cell death
Nandor Gabor Than,Roberto Romero,Morris Goodman,Amy Weckle,Jun Xing,Zhong Dong,Yi Xu,Federica Tarquini,András Szilágyi,Péter Gál,Zhuo-Cheng Hou,Adi L. Tarca,Chong Jai Kim,Chong Jai Kim,Jung Sun Kim,Jung Sun Kim,Saied Haidarian,Monica Uddin,Hans Bohn,Kurt Benirschke,Joaquin Santolaya-Forgas,Lawrence I. Grossman,Offer Erez,Sonia S. Hassan,Péter Závodszky,Zoltán Papp,Derek E. Wildman +26 more
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TLDR
It is proposed that placenta-specific galectins reduce the danger of maternal immune attacks on the fetal semiallograft, presumably conferring additional immune tolerance mechanisms and in turn sustaining hemochorial placentation during the long gestation of anthropoid primates.Abstract:
Galectins are proteins that regulate immune responses through the recognition of cell-surface glycans. We present evidence that 16 human galectin genes are expressed at the maternal–fetal interface and demonstrate that a cluster of 5 galectin genes on human chromosome 19 emerged during primate evolution as a result of duplication and rearrangement of genes and pseudogenes via a birth and death process primarily mediated by transposable long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs). Genes in the cluster are found only in anthropoids, a group of primate species that differ from their strepsirrhine counterparts by having relatively large brains and long gestations. Three of the human cluster genes (LGALS13, -14, and -16) were found to be placenta-specific. Homology modeling revealed conserved three-dimensional structures of galectins in the human cluster; however, analyses of 24 newly derived and 69 publicly available sequences in 10 anthropoid species indicate functional diversification by evidence of positive selection and amino acid replacements in carbohydrate-recognition domains. Moreover, we demonstrate altered sugar-binding capacities of 6 recombinant galectins in the cluster. We show that human placenta-specific galectins are predominantly expressed by the syncytiotrophoblast, a primary site of metabolic exchange where, early during pregnancy, the fetus comes in contact with immune cells circulating in maternal blood. Because ex vivo functional assays demonstrate that placenta-specific galectins induce the apoptosis of T lymphocytes, we propose that these galectins reduce the danger of maternal immune attacks on the fetal semiallograft, presumably conferring additional immune tolerance mechanisms and in turn sustaining hemochorial placentation during the long gestation of anthropoid primates.read more
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Galectins at a glance.
TL;DR: Recent literature on the many cellular activities that have been ascribed to galectins are summarized, including carbohydrate-independent interactions with cytosolic or nuclear targets and carbohydrate-dependent interactions with extracellular glycoconjugates.
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The choriocarcinoma cell line BeWo: syncytial fusion and expression of syncytium-specific proteins.
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Only humans have human placentas: molecular differences between mice and humans
TL;DR: It is considered that many aspects of human placentation can only be understood on the basis of experiments on human cells and tissues in combination with data collections from human subject studies, and that the mouse model is often overvalued.
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Lei Gao,Keliang Wu,Zhenbo Liu,Xuelong Yao,Xuelong Yao,Shenli Yuan,Shenli Yuan,Wenrong Tao,Lizhi Yi,Lizhi Yi,Guanling Yu,Zhenzhen Hou,Dongdong Fan,Yong Tian,Jianqiao Liu,Zi-Jiang Chen,Jiang Liu,Jiang Liu +17 more
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Maternal Inflammation and Neurodevelopmental Programming: A Review of Preclinical Outcomes and Implications for Translational Psychiatry.
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References
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Some immunological and endocrinological problems raised by the evolution of viviparity in verte- brates
PB Medawar,P Medawar +1 more
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Immunology of placentation in eutherian mammals.
Ashley Moffett,Charlie Loke +1 more
TL;DR: The traditional way to study the immunology of pregnancy follows the classical transplantation model, which views the fetus as an allograft, but a more recent approach focuses on the unique, local uterine immune response to the implanting placenta.