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Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
TLDR
Drafting Authors: Neil Adger, Pramod Aggarwal, Shardul Agrawala, Joseph Alcamo, Abdelkader Allali, Oleg Anisimov, Nigel Arnell, Michel Boko, Osvaldo Canziani, Timothy Carter, Gino Casassa, Ulisses Confalonieri, Rex Victor Cruz, Edmundo de Alba Alcaraz, William Easterling, Christopher Field, Andreas Fischlin, Blair Fitzharris.Abstract:
Drafting Authors: Neil Adger, Pramod Aggarwal, Shardul Agrawala, Joseph Alcamo, Abdelkader Allali, Oleg Anisimov, Nigel Arnell, Michel Boko, Osvaldo Canziani, Timothy Carter, Gino Casassa, Ulisses Confalonieri, Rex Victor Cruz, Edmundo de Alba Alcaraz, William Easterling, Christopher Field, Andreas Fischlin, Blair Fitzharris, Carlos Gay García, Clair Hanson, Hideo Harasawa, Kevin Hennessy, Saleemul Huq, Roger Jones, Lucka Kajfež Bogataj, David Karoly, Richard Klein, Zbigniew Kundzewicz, Murari Lal, Rodel Lasco, Geoff Love, Xianfu Lu, Graciela Magrín, Luis José Mata, Roger McLean, Bettina Menne, Guy Midgley, Nobuo Mimura, Monirul Qader Mirza, José Moreno, Linda Mortsch, Isabelle Niang-Diop, Robert Nicholls, Béla Nováky, Leonard Nurse, Anthony Nyong, Michael Oppenheimer, Jean Palutikof, Martin Parry, Anand Patwardhan, Patricia Romero Lankao, Cynthia Rosenzweig, Stephen Schneider, Serguei Semenov, Joel Smith, John Stone, Jean-Pascal van Ypersele, David Vaughan, Coleen Vogel, Thomas Wilbanks, Poh Poh Wong, Shaohong Wu, Gary Yoheread more
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A review of past and projected changes in Australia's rainfall
TL;DR: In this article, the authors comprehensively review the current published literature on trends in Australia's rainfall from pre-instrumental and instrumental records, the climatic drivers of Australia rainfall variability, attribution of the long-term trends, extreme rainfall attribution methods with particular reference to a recent case study (2010-2012 east Australia rainfall event) and projected changes of mean and extreme rainfall over Australia during the 21st century.
Journal ArticleDOI
Seasonality of precipitation interacts with exotic species to alter composition and phenology of a semi-arid grassland
Abstract: Summary
While modelling efforts suggest that invasive species will track climate changes, empirical studies are few. A relevant and largely unaddressed research question is ‘How will the presence of exotic species interact with precipitation change to alter ecosystem structure and function?’
We studied the effects of changes in seasonal timing of precipitation on species composition and resource availability in a grassland community in Colorado, USA. We examined how seasonal precipitation patterns affect the abundance of historically present (native) and recently arrived (exotic) plant species, as well as soil moisture, nitrogen and above-ground biomass. Over 4 years, we applied four precipitation treatments based on climate model predictions for the study area: winter-wet/summer-ambient, winter-wet/summer-dry, winter-wet/summer-wet and winter-dry/summer-wet.
Cover of exotic winter-active grasses was greater in winter-wet treatments than in control or winter-dry treatments. Cover of native warm-season grasses and forbs was greatest in the winter-dry/summer-wet treatment, and lowest in the winter-wet/summer-dry treatment. These results support the expectation that increased winter precipitation benefits new arrivals, whereas increased summer precipitation benefits later-growing native plants.
Structural equation models showed that interactive effects of increased winter precipitation and increased cover of winter-active grasses reduced growing season soil water content and species diversity. In addition, the dominant winter-active species, Bromus tectorum, flowered and senesced earlier in plots receiving increased winter precipitation and reduced summer precipitation, suggesting that earlier growth of winter-active grasses decreases available soil resources and impacts later-growing native plants. Peak above-ground biomass was lowest in the treatment receiving reduced summer precipitation, but only in years with dry springs. Plant-available nitrogen in spring was lower in plots receiving supplemental winter precipitation, and highest in plots with reduced winter precipitation.
Synthesis. Our results indicate that altering the seasonality of precipitation can have large direct effects on plant community composition and phenology, as well as significant indirect effects, mediated through exotic species, on plant-available resources and plant interactions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Comparative ecology of widely distributed pelagic fish species in the North Atlantic: Implications for modelling climate and fisheries impacts
Verena M. Trenkel,Geir Huse,Brian R. MacKenzie,Paula Alvarez,Haritz Arrizabalaga,Martin Castonguay,Nicolas Goñi,François Grégoire,Hjálmar Hátún,Teunis Jansen,Jan Arge Jacobsen,Patrick Lehodey,Molly Lutcavage,Patrizio Mariani,G.D. Melvin,John D. Neilson,Leif Nøttestad,Gudmundur J. Oskarsson,Mark R. Payne,David E. Richardson,Inna Senina,Douglas C. Speirs +21 more
TL;DR: This paper reviews the current knowledge on the ecology of widely distributed pelagic fish stocks in the North Atlantic basin with emphasis on their role in the food web and the factors determining their relationship with the environment, and identifies knowledge gaps and modelling needs that the EURO-BASIN project attempts to address.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cross-Comparison of Climate Change adaptation Strategies Across Large River Basins in Europe, Africa and Asia
Valentina Krysanova,Chris Dickens,Jos G. Timmerman,Consuelo Varela-Ortega,Maja Schlüter,Koen Roest,Patrick Huntjens,Fons Jaspers,Hendrik Buiteveld,Edinson Moreno,Javier de Pedraza Carrera,Romana Slámová,Marta Martinkova,Irene Blanco,Paloma Esteve,Kate Pringle,Claudia Pahl-Wostl,Pavel Kabat +17 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a cross-comparison of climate change adaptation strategies across regions was performed, considering six large river basins as case study areas, and the evaluation was based mainly on the opinions of policy makers and water management experts.
Journal ArticleDOI
Fluctuating Environments, Sexual Selection and the Evolution of Flexible Mate Choice in Birds
TL;DR: It is shown that after controlling for potentially influential life history and demographic variables, there are significant positive associations between the variability and predictability of annual climatic cycles and the prevalence of infidelity and divorce within populations of a taxonomically diverse array of socially monogamous birds.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Climate change 2001: the scientific basis
John Theodore Houghton,Y. Ding,David John Griggs,M. Noguer,P. J. van der Linden,X. Dai,K. Maskell,C. A. Johnson +7 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the climate system and its dynamics, including observed climate variability and change, the carbon cycle, atmospheric chemistry and greenhouse gases, and their direct and indirect effects.
Journal ArticleDOI
The ERA‐40 re‐analysis
S. Uppala,Per Kållberg,Adrian Simmons,U. Andrae,V. da Costa Bechtold,M. Fiorino,J. K. Gibson,J. Haseler,A. Hernandez,Graeme Kelly,Xiaoming Li,Kazutoshi Onogi,Sami Saarinen,N. Sokka,Richard P. Allan,Richard P. Allan,Erik Andersson,Klaus Arpe,Magdalena Balmaseda,Anton Beljaars,L. van de Berg,Jean Bidlot,Niels Bormann,S. Caires,Frédéric Chevallier,A. Dethof,M. Dragosavac,Michael Fisher,Manuel Fuentes,Stefan Hagemann,Elías Hólm,Brian J. Hoskins,Lars Isaksen,Peter A. E. M. Janssen,Roy L. Jenne,A. P. McNally,Jean-François Mahfouf,Jean-Jacques Morcrette,Nick Rayner,Roger Saunders,P. Simon,Andreas Sterl,Kevin E. Trenberth,A. Untch,Drasko Vasiljevic,Pedro Viterbo,John S. Woollen +46 more
TL;DR: ERA-40 is a re-analysis of meteorological observations from September 1957 to August 2002 produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) in collaboration with many institutions as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Climate change 2001: The scientific basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
David John Griggs,M. Noguer +1 more
TL;DR: The terms of reference of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as discussed by the authors were defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP).
Book
Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change
TL;DR: The most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment available for scientific understanding of human influences on the past present and future climate is "Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change" as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Climate Extremes: Observations, Modeling, and Impacts
David R. Easterling,Gerald A. Meehl,Camille Parmesan,Stanley A. Changnon,Thomas R. Karl,Linda O. Mearns +5 more
TL;DR: Results of observational studies suggest that in many areas that have been analyzed, changes in total precipitation are amplified at the tails, and changes in some temperature extremes have been observed.
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