Dopant-induced electron localization drives CO 2 reduction to C 2 hydrocarbons

TLDR: Simulations show that the ability to tune the average oxidation state of copper enables control over CO adsorption and dimerization, and makes it possible to implement a preference for the electrosynthesis of C2 products.

Abstract: The electrochemical reduction of CO2 to multi-carbon products has attracted much attention because it provides an avenue to the synthesis of value-added carbon-based fuels and feedstocks using renewable electricity Unfortunately, the efficiency of CO2 conversion to C2 products remains below that necessary for its implementation at scale Modifying the local electronic structure of copper with positive valence sites has been predicted to boost conversion to C2 products Here, we use boron to tune the ratio of Cuδ+ to Cu0 active sites and improve both stability and C2-product generation Simulations show that the ability to tune the average oxidation state of copper enables control over CO adsorption and dimerization, and makes it possible to implement a preference for the electrosynthesis of C2 products We report experimentally a C2 Faradaic efficiency of 79 ± 2% on boron-doped copper catalysts and further show that boron doping leads to catalysts that are stable for in excess of ~40 hours while electrochemically reducing CO2 to multi-carbon hydrocarbons

Figures

Figure 2. Symptom severity levels of depression (IDS) at six-month intervals according to the 555 prognosis of depressed patients after six-year follow-up. 556 557 558 559

Table 2. Prognostic factors associated with long-term course types of late-life depression from bivariate analyses using multinomial logistic regression. 564

Table 1. Characteristics of N=201 depressed patients at baseline and according to their course type of late-life depression at follow-up. 560

Table 3. Prognostic factors associated with higher symptom levels of depression during six years from bivariate and multivariate linear mixed models analyses. 567

Full text

This item is the archived peer-reviewed author-version of:
Dopant-induced electron localization drives reduction to hydrocarbons
Reference:
Zhou Yansong, Che Fanglin, Liu Min, Zou Chengqin, Liang Zhiqin, De Luna Phil, Yuan Haifeng, Li Jun, Wang Zhiqiang, Xie Haipeng, ....- Dopant-induced electron
localization drives reduction to hydrocarbons
Nature chemistry - ISSN 1755-4330 - 10:9(2018), p. 974-980
Full text (Publisher's DOI): https://doi.org/10.1038/S41557-018-0092-X
To cite this reference: https://hdl.handle.net/10067/1536930151162165141
Institutional repository IRUA

Accepted Manuscript
Title: A Six-Year Prospective Study of the Prognosis and Predictors in Patients
with Late-Life Depression.
Author: Hans W. Jeuring, Max L. Stek, Martijn Huisman, Richard C. Oude
Voshaar, Paul Naarding, Rose M. Collard, Roos C. van der Mast, Rob M. Kok,
Aartjan T.F. Beekman, Hannie C. Comijs
PII: S1064-7481(18)30330-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2018.05.005
Reference: AMGP 1045
To appear in: The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
Received date: 5-3-2018
Revised date: 20-4-2018
Accepted date: 12-5-2018
Please cite this article as: Hans W. Jeuring, Max L. Stek, Martijn Huisman, Richard C. Oude
Voshaar, Paul Naarding, Rose M. Collard, Roos C. van der Mast, Rob M. Kok, Aartjan T.F.
Beekman, Hannie C. Comijs, A Six-Year Prospective Study of the Prognosis and Predictors in
Patients with Late-Life Depression., The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry (2018),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2018.05.005.
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1
Title Page The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1
Number of Words: 3528/3500 2
3
A six-year prospective study of the prognosis and predictors in patients with late-life 4
depression. 5
6
Hans W. Jeuring
1,2
, M.D.; Max L. Stek
1,2
, M.D., Ph.D.; Martijn Huisman
2
, Ph.D.; Richard C. Oude 7
Voshaar
3
, M.D., Ph.D.; Paul Naarding
4
, M.D., Ph.D.; Rose M. Collard
5
, Ph.D.; Roos C. van der Mast
6
, 8
M.D., Ph.D.; Rob M. Kok
7
, M.D., Ph.D.; Aartjan T.F. Beekman
1,2
, M.D., Ph.D.; Hannie C. Comijs
1,2
, Ph.D. 9
10
1
Department of Psychiatry, GGZ inGeest - VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 11
2
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the Amsterdam Public Health research institute, VU 12
University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 13
3
University Center for Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. 14
4
GGNet, Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Apeldoorn, the Netherlands. 15
5
Radboud university medical center, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. 16
6
Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands. Collaborative Antwerp 17
Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. 18
7
Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, the Netherlands. 19
20
Corresponding author: H.W. Jeuring, M.D., VU University Medical Center, LASA 21
Postal Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands. 22
Phone +31 20 444 6770, Fax: +31 20 444 6775, E-Mail: h.jeuring@vumc.nl 23
Authorship: All authors have reviewed and approved the manuscript prior to its submission. 24
Disclosures: No Disclosures to Report. 25
Page 1 of 32

2
Highlights 26
 The long-term prognosis of late-life depression is poor in terms of mortality and 27
course. 28
 Depression in later life is a chronic and disabling disorder, in which treatment is 29
probably still suboptimal. 30
 An unfavorable course is associated with a younger age of onset of depression, 31
higher baseline depression, chronic pain, neuroticism and loneliness. 32
 Patients with a partial remission might benefit from interventions targeting 33
chronic diseases and loneliness. 34
 Considering the poor prognosis and high dropout among depressed older 35
patients in this study, much could be gained by improving prevention and 36
treatment strategies. 37
38
Abstract (Words: 234/250) 39
Objectives: To examine the six-year prognosis of patients with late-life depression and to 40
identify prognostic factors of an unfavorable course. 41
Design and setting: The Netherlands Study of Depression in Older persons (NESDO) is a 42
multi-site naturalistic prospective cohort study with six-year follow-up. 43
Participants: 378 clinically depressed patients according to DSM-IV-TR criteria and 132 non-44
depressed comparisons were included at baseline between 2007-2010. 45
Measurements: Depression was measured by the Inventory of Depressive Symptoms at six-46
month intervals and a diagnostic interview at two-year and six-year follow-up. Multinomial 47
regression and mixed model analyses were both used to identify depression-related clinical, 48
health and psychosocial prognostic factors of an unfavorable course. 49
Page 2 of 32

3
Results: Among depressed patients at baseline, 46.8% were loss to follow-up, 15.9% had an 50
unfavorable course, i.e. chronic or recurrent, 24.6% had partial remission, and 12.7% had full 51
remission, at six-year follow-up. The relative risk (RR) of mortality in depressed patients was 52
2.5 (95%-CI:1.26-4.81) when compared with non-depressed comparisons. An unfavorable 53
course of depression was associated with a younger age of depression onset, higher 54
symptom severity of depression, pain, neuroticism, and loneliness at baseline. Additionally, 55
partial remission was associated with chronic diseases, and loneliness at baseline when 56
compared with full remission. 57
Conclusions: The long-term prognosis of late-life depression is poor with regard to mortality 58
and course of depression. Chronic diseases, loneliness, and pain may be used as putative 59
targets for optimizing prevention and treatment strategies of relapse and chronicity. 60
61
Key words: Depression; Old Age; Risk Factors; Prognosis; Outcome. 62
Introduction (Words: 558) 63
Late-life depression is a complex and heterogeneous disorder, often accompanied by an 64
unfavorable prognosis.
1
It has been associated with a chronic course,
2
a higher risk of 65
subsequent development of cognitive impairment or dementia,
3
and premature death.
4
66
Although late-life depression can be treated effectively, relapse and recurrence as well as 67
chronicity are a major problem in daily practice. Studies on the long-term prognosis of late-68
life depression are required to inform clinicians and to identify prognostic factors that may 69
contribute to the improvement of treatment strategies and relapse prevention. 70
An unfavorable prognosis of late-life depression has been demonstrated in both 71
community samples,
5–8
and clinical samples.
9–14
Beekman et al. (2002) studied the six-year 72
course of community-dwelling older adults with late-life depression, using both diagnostic 73
Page 3 of 32

Frequently asked questions

Q1. What have the authors contributed in "Dopant-induced electron localization drives reduction to hydrocarbons reference:" ?

Yansong et al. this paper used latent class analysis to identify distinct long-term trajectories of depressive symptoms using latent class analyses. 

Q2. What is the comorbidity of the rasch type?

The transition of pure mood, anxiety and substance use disorders into 520 comorbid conditions in a longitudinal population-based study. 

Q3. What was the goodness of fit for all multivariate models?

The goodness of fit for all multivariate models was 226evaluated with the -2 Log Likelihood (-2LL) method by comparing the fitted fixed-effects 227models to the model with no predictors (null model). 

Q4. What are the limitations of this study?

because of a lack of power, multivariate 332analyses were not performed on course types, making it difficult to clarify the strongest 333prognostic factors of an unfavorable course type. 

Q5. How long after baseline did the study take?

Follow-up assessments by means of a face-to-face 120 interview were performed two-years,13 and six-years after baseline using the same 121measurement instruments as at baseline. 

Q6. What was the recent study of the Netherlands Study of Depression in Older persons?

In their previous 75two-year follow-up study of the Netherlands Study of Depression in Older persons (NESDO), 76we found that nearly 50% of the clinically depressed patients still had a depression 77 diagnosis, and 61% had a chronic course of depressive symptoms. 

Q7. how many patients had a full remission at six years?

251252253254Page 12 of 3213Prognosis of late-life depression 255Among the total of 378 depressed patients at baseline, 177 (46.8%) were loss to follow-up, 25660 (15.9%) had a recurrent or chronic depression, 93 (24.6%) had a partial remission and 257only 48 (12.7%) had a full remission at six-year follow-up. 

Q8. How did Beekman et al. (2002) study the course of late-life?

9–14 Beekman et al. (2002) studied the six-year 72course of community-dwelling older adults with late-life depression, using both diagnostic 73Page 3 of 324interviews and self-reports, and found that 32% had a severe chronic course and 44% an 74 unfavorable but fluctuating course, whereas only 23% showed remission. 

Q9. What is the important conclusion to draw from this study?

283Page 14 of 3215Discussion (Words: 1124) 284The most important conclusion to be drawn from this study among depressed older patients 285is that the long-term prognosis for this group is poor in terms of mortality and course of 286depression. 

Q10. How did Stek et al. (2002) determine the prognosis of major?

5 Stek et al. (2002) 306examined the long-term prognosis of major depression in hospitalized older patients six to 307Page 15 of 3216eight year after clinical treatment and found that 40% had died, while among the survivors 308 33% had no residual symptoms or relapses,11 which approximately corresponds to their 309finding that among survivors 24% reached full remission. 

Q11. What were the health and lifestyle factors included in the study?

The following health and 181Page 8 of 329lifestyle factors were included: chronic physical diseases were self-reported and assessed by 182 the LASA Questionnaire (LAPAQ),37 functional limitations were assessed by the WHO-183 Disability Assessment Scale II (WHODAS 2.0),38 metabolic syndrome was assessed by the 184 original ATP-III criteria,39 chronic pain was assessed by the Chronic Graded Pain Scale 185 (CPGS),40 body-mass-index was measured by weight (kg)/squared height (m2), physical 186activity was assessed by the International Physical Activities Questionnaire (IPAQ) and 187 dichotomized (low versus moderate/high),41 smoking was assessed by asking current 188smoking behavior (y/n), and alcohol use was assessed by Alcohol Use Disorders 189 Identification (AUDIT).