Journal ArticleDOI
Four Evolutionary Strata on the Human X Chromosome
Bruce T. Lahn,David C. Page +1 more
TLDR
The ages of individual X-Y gene pairs and the locations of their X members on the X chromosome were found to be highly correlated and age decreased in stepwise fashion from thedistal long arm to the distal short arm in at least four "evolutionary strata".Abstract:
Human sex chromosomes evolved from autosomes. Nineteen ancestral autosomal genes persist as differentiated homologs on the X and Y chromosomes. The ages of individual X-Y gene pairs (measured by nucleotide divergence) and the locations of their X members on the X chromosome were found to be highly correlated. Age decreased in stepwise fashion from the distal long arm to the distal short arm in at least four "evolutionary strata." Human sex chromosome evolution was probably punctuated by at least four events, each suppressing X-Y recombination in one stratum, without disturbing gene order on the X chromosome. The first event, which marked the beginnings of X-Y differentiation, occurred about 240 to 320 million years ago, shortly after divergence of the mammalian and avian lineages.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome
Richard E. Green,Johannes Krause,Adrian W. Briggs,Tomislav Maricic,Udo Stenzel,Martin Kircher,Nick Patterson,Heng Li,Weiwei Zhai,Markus Hsi-Yang Fritz,Nancy F. Hansen,Eric Durand,Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas,Jeffrey D. Jensen,Tomas Marques-Bonet,Tomas Marques-Bonet,Can Alkan,Kay Prüfer,Matthias Meyer,Hernán A. Burbano,Jeffrey M. Good,Jeffrey M. Good,Rigo Schultz,Ayinuer Aximu-Petri,Anne Butthof,Barbara Höber,Barbara Höffner,Madien Siegemund,Antje Weihmann,Chad Nusbaum,Eric S. Lander,Carsten Russ,Nathaniel Novod,Jason P. Affourtit,Michael Egholm,Christine Verna,Pavao Rudan,Dejana Brajković,Željko Kućan,Ivan Gušić,Vladimir B. Doronichev,Liubov V. Golovanova,Carles Lalueza-Fox,Marco de la Rasilla,Javier Fortea,Antonio Rosas,Ralf Schmitz,Philip L. F. Johnson,Evan E. Eichler,Daniel Falush,Ewan Birney,James C. Mullikin,Montgomery Slatkin,Rasmus Nielsen,Janet Kelso,Michael Lachmann,David Reich,David Reich,Svante Pääbo +58 more
TL;DR: The genomic data suggest that Neandertals mixed with modern human ancestors some 120,000 years ago, leaving traces of Ne andertal DNA in contemporary humans, suggesting that gene flow from Neand Bertals into the ancestors of non-Africans occurred before the divergence of Eurasian groups from each other.
Journal ArticleDOI
The male-specific region of the human Y chromosome is a mosaic of discrete sequence classes.
Helen Skaletsky,Tomoko Kuroda-Kawaguchi,Patrick Minx,Holland S. Cordum,LaDeana W. Hillier,Laura G. Brown,Sjoerd Repping,Tatyana Pyntikova,Johar Ali,Tamberlyn Bieri,Asif T. Chinwalla,Andrew Delehaunty,Kim D. Delehaunty,Hui Du,Ginger A. Fewell,Lucinda Fulton,Robert S. Fulton,Tina Graves,Shunfang Hou,Philip Latrielle,Shawn Leonard,Elaine R. Mardis,Rachel Maupin,John Douglas Mcpherson,Tracie L. Miner,William E. Nash,Christine Nguyen,Philip Ozersky,Kymberlie H. Pepin,Susan M. Rock,Tracy Rohlfing,Kelsi Scott,Brian Schultz,Cindy Strong,Aye Mon Tin-Wollam,Shiaw-Pyng Yang,Robert H. Waterston,Richard K. Wilson,Steve Rozen,David C. Page +39 more
TL;DR: The male-specific region of the Y chromosome, the MSY, differentiates the sexes and comprises 95% of the chromosome's length, and is a mosaic of heterochromatic sequences and three classes of euchromatics sequences: X-transposed, X-degenerate and ampliconic.
Journal ArticleDOI
X-inactivation profile reveals extensive variability in X-linked gene expression in females
TL;DR: A comprehensive X-inactivation profile of the human X chromosome is presented, representing an estimated 95% of assayable genes in fibroblast-based test systems, and suggests a remarkable and previously unsuspected degree of expression heterogeneity among females.
Journal ArticleDOI
The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome
Mark T. Ross,Darren Grafham,Alison J. Coffey,Steven E. Scherer,Kirsten McLay,Donna M. Muzny,Matthias Platzer,Gareth R. Howell,Christine Burrows,Christine P. Bird,Adam Frankish,Frances L Lovell,Kevin L. Howe,Jennifer L. Ashurst,Robert S. Fulton,Ralf Sudbrak,Ralf Sudbrak,Gaiping Wen,Matthew C. Jones,Matthew E. Hurles,T. Daniel Andrews,Carol Scott,Stephen M. J. Searle,Juliane Ramser,Adam Whittaker,Rebecca Deadman,Nigel P. Carter,Sarah E. Hunt,Rui Chen,Andrew Cree,Preethi H. Gunaratne,Paul Havlak,Anne Hodgson,Michael L. Metzker,Stephen Richards,Graham Scott,David Steffen,Erica Sodergren,David A. Wheeler,Kim C. Worley,R Ainscough,K D Ambrose,M. Ali Ansari-Lari,Swaroop Aradhya,R I S Ashwell,A K Babbage,Claire L Bagguley,Andrea Ballabio,Ruby Banerjee,Gary E Barker,K F Barlow,Ian P. Barrett,Karen N Bates,David Beare,Helen Beasley,Oliver Beasley,Alfred Beck,Graeme Bethel,Karin Blechschmidt,Nicola Brady,Sarah Bray-Allen,Anne Bridgeman,Andrew Brown,Mary J. Brown,David Bonnin,Elspeth A. Bruford,Christian J. Buhay,Paula E. Burch,D C Burford,Joanne Burgess,Wayne Burrill,John Burton,Jackie Bye,C Carder,Laura Carrel,Joseph Chako,Joanne C Chapman,Dean Chavez,Ellson Y. Chen,Guan Chen,Yuan Chen,Zhijian J. Chen,Craig Chinault,Alfredo Ciccodicola,Sue Y Clark,Graham Clarke,Chris Clee,S. M. Clegg,Kerstin P. Clerc-Blankenburg,Karen Clifford,Vicky Cobley,Charlotte G. Cole,Jen S. Conquer,N Corby,Richard E Connor,Robert G. David,Joy Davies,Clay Davis,John M. Davis,Oliver Delgado,Denise R. DeShazo,Pawandeep Dhami,Yan Ding,Huyen Dinh,Steve Dodsworth,Heather R. Draper,Shannon Dugan-Rocha,Andrew Dunham,Matthew Dunn,K. James Durbin,Ireena Dutta,Tamsin Eades,Matthew Ellwood,Alexandra Emery-Cohen,Helen Errington,Kathryn L. Evans,Louisa Faulkner,Fiona Francis,John Frankland,Audrey Fraser,Petra Galgoczy,James G. R. Gilbert,Rachel Gill,Gernot Glöckner,Simon G. Gregory,Susan M. Gribble,C Griffiths,Russell J. Grocock,Yanghong Gu,Rhian Gwilliam,Cerissa Hamilton,E. Hart,Alicia Hawes,Paul Heath,Katja Heitmann,Steffen Hennig,Judith Hernandez,Bernd Hinzmann,Sarah Ho,Michael Hoffs,Phillip J Howden,Elizabeth J. Huckle,Jennifer Hume,Paul Hunt,Adrienne Hunt,Judith Isherwood,Leni S. Jacob,David W. Johnson,Sally Jones,Pieter J. de Jong,Shirin S. Joseph,Stephen Keenan,Susan H. Kelly,Joanne K Kershaw,Ziad Khan,Petra Kioschis,Sven Klages,Andrew J Knights,Anna Kosiura,Christie Kovar-Smith,Gavin K. Laird,Cordelia Langford,S Lawlor,Margaret A. Leversha,Lora Lewis,Wen Liu,Christine Lloyd,D. M. Lloyd,Hermela Loulseged,Jane E. Loveland,J Lovell,Ryan J. Lozado,Jing Lu,Rachael Lyne,Jie Ma,Manjula Maheshwari,Lucy Matthews,Jennifer McDowall,Stuart McLaren,Amanda McMurray,Patrick Meidl,Thomas Meitinger,Sarah Milne,George Miner,Shailesh L Mistry,Margaret Morgan,Sidney Morris,Ines Müller,James C. Mullikin,Ngoc Nguyen,Gabriele Nordsiek,Gerald Nyakatura,Christopher N O'Dell,Geoffery Okwuonu,Sophie Palmer,Richard Pandian,David Parker,Julia E. Parrish,Shiran Pasternak,Dina Patel,Alex V Pearce,D. Pearson,Sarah Pelan,Lesette Perez,K M Porter,Yvonne Ramsey,Kathrin Reichwald,Susan Rhodes,Kerry A Ridler,David Schlessinger,Mary G. Schueler,Harminder Sehra,Charles Shaw-Smith,Hua Shen,E Sheridan,Ratna Shownkeen,C. D. Skuce,Michelle Smith,Elizabeth C. Sotheran,Helen E. Steingruber,Charles A. Steward,Roy Storey,R Mark Swann,David Swarbreck,Paul E. Tabor,Stefan Taudien,Tineace Taylor,Brian Teague,Karen Thomas,Andrea Thorpe,Kirsten M. Timms,Alan Tracey,Steve Trevanion,A Tromans,Michele D'Urso,Daniel Verduzco,Donna Villasana,Lenee Waldron,Melanie M. Wall,Qiaoyan Wang,James T. Warren,Georgina Warry,Xuehong Wei,Anthony P. West,S. Whitehead,Mathew N Whiteley,Jane E. Wilkinson,David Willey,Gabrielle Williams,Leanne Williams,Angela Williamson,Helen Williamson,Laurens G. Wilming,Rebecca Woodmansey,Paul Wray,Jennifer Yen,Jingkun Zhang,Jianling Zhou,Huda Y. Zoghbi,Sara Zorilla,David Buck,Richard Reinhardt,Annemarie Poustka,André Rosenthal,Hans Lehrach,Alfons Meindl,Patrick Minx,LaDeana W. Hillier,Huntington F. Willard,Richard K. Wilson,Robert H. Waterston,Catherine M. Rice,M. Vaudin,Alan Coulson,David L. Nelson,George M. Weinstock,John Sulston,Richard Durbin,Tim Hubbard,Richard A. Gibbs,Stephan Beck,Jane Rogers,David R. Bentley +282 more
TL;DR: This analysis illustrates the autosomal origin of the mammalian sex chromosomes, the stepwise process that led to the progressive loss of recombination between X and Y, and the extent of subsequent degradation of the Y chromosome.
Journal ArticleDOI
The degeneration of Y chromosomes
TL;DR: The results suggest that the effective population sizes of evolving Y or neo-Y chromosomes are severely reduced, as expected if some or all of the hypothesized processes leading to degeneration are operative.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif
Andrew H. Sinclair,Berta P,Berta P,M. S. Palmer,Hawkins,B. Griffiths,Smith Mj,Foster Jw,Foster Jw,A.-M. Frischauf,Robin Lovell-Badge,Peter N. Goodfellow +11 more
TL;DR: A search of a 35-kilobase region of the human Y chromosome necessary for male sex determination has resulted in the identification of a new gene, termed SRY (for sex-determining region Y) and proposed to be a candidate for the elusive testis-d determining gene, TDF.
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TL;DR: Books, as a source that may involve the facts, opinion, literature, religion, and many others are the great friends to join with.
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An STS-Based Map of the Human Genome
Thomas J. Hudson,Lincoln D. Stein,Sebastian S. Gerety,Junli Ma,Andrew B. Castle,James Silva,Donna K. Slonim,Rafael Baptista,Leonid Kruglyak,Shu-Hua Xu,Xintong Hu,Angela M. E. Colbert,Carl Rosenberg,Mary Pat Reeve-Daly,Steve Rozen,Lester Hui,Xiaoyun Wu,Christina Vestergaard,Kimberly M. Wilson,Jane S. Bae,Shanak Maitra,Soula Ganiatsas,Cheryl A. Evans,Margaret M. DeAngelis,Kimberly A. Ingalls,Robert Nahf,Lloyd T. Horton,Michele Oskin Anderson,Alville Collymore,Wenjuan Ye,Vardouhie Kouyoumjian,Irena S. Zemsteva,James P. Tam,Richard Devine,Dorothy F. Courtney,Michelle Turner Renaud,Huy Nguyen,Tara J. O'Connor,Cécile Fizames,Sabine Fauré,Gabor Gyapay,Colette Dib,Jean Morissette,James B. Orlin,Bruce W. Birren,Nathan Goodman,Jean Weissenbach,Trevor Hawkins,Simon J. Foote,David C. Page,Eric S. Lander +50 more
TL;DR: A physical map has been constructed of the human genome containing 15,086 sequence-tagged sites (STSs), with an average spacing of 199 kilobases, anchored by the radiation hybrid and genetic maps.
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