Journal ArticleDOI
ICRP PUBLICATION 118: ICRP Statement on Tissue Reactions and Early and Late Effects of Radiation in Normal Tissues and Organs – Threshold Doses for Tissue Reactions in a Radiation Protection Context
F A Stewart,A V Akleyev,Martin Hauer-Jensen,Jolyon H Hendry,N J Kleiman,Thomas J. MacVittie,B M Aleman,Angela B. Edgar,K Mabuchi,C R Muirhead,Roy E. Shore,William Wallace +11 more
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Estimates of ‘practical’ threshold doses for tissue injury defined at the level of 1% incidence are provided and it appears that the rate of dose delivery does not modify the low incidence for reactions manifesting very late after low total doses, particularly for cataracts and circulatory disease.Abstract:
This report provides a review of early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs with respect to radiation protection. It was instigated following a recommendation in Publication 103 (ICRP, 2007), and it provides updated estimates of 'practical' threshold doses for tissue injury defined at the level of 1% incidence. Estimates are given for morbidity and mortality endpoints in all organ systems following acute, fractionated, or chronic exposure. The organ systems comprise the haematopoietic, immune, reproductive, circulatory, respiratory, musculoskeletal, endocrine, and nervous systems; the digestive and urinary tracts; the skin; and the eye. Particular attention is paid to circulatory disease and cataracts because of recent evidence of higher incidences of injury than expected after lower doses; hence, threshold doses appear to be lower than previously considered. This is largely because of the increasing incidences with increasing times after exposure. In the context of protection, it is the threshold doses for very long follow-up times that are the most relevant for workers and the public; for example, the atomic bomb survivors with 40-50years of follow-up. Radiotherapy data generally apply for shorter follow-up times because of competing causes of death in cancer patients, and hence the risks of radiation-induced circulatory disease at those earlier times are lower. A variety of biological response modifiers have been used to help reduce late reactions in many tissues. These include antioxidants, radical scavengers, inhibitors of apoptosis, anti-inflammatory drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, growth factors, and cytokines. In many cases, these give dose modification factors of 1.1-1.2, and in a few cases 1.5-2, indicating the potential for increasing threshold doses in known exposure cases. In contrast, there are agents that enhance radiation responses, notably other cytotoxic agents such as antimetabolites, alkylating agents, anti-angiogenic drugs, and antibiotics, as well as genetic and comorbidity factors. Most tissues show a sparing effect of dose fractionation, so that total doses for a given endpoint are higher if the dose is fractionated rather than when given as a single dose. However, for reactions manifesting very late after low total doses, particularly for cataracts and circulatory disease, it appears that the rate of dose delivery does not modify the low incidence. This implies that the injury in these cases and at these low dose levels is caused by single-hit irreparable-type events. For these two tissues, a threshold dose of 0.5Gy is proposed herein for practical purposes, irrespective of the rate of dose delivery, and future studies may elucidate this judgement further.read more
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Registry for chronic radiation syndrome in a worker cohort of the Russian nuclear enterprise, Mayak Production Association.
Tamara V. Azizova,M. V. Bannikova,G. V. Zhuntova,Evgeniya S Grigoryeva,M. B. Moseeva,Evgeniy V Bragin +5 more
TL;DR: Frequency of CRS cases significantly increased with the increasing cumulative and mean annual RBM absorbed doses from external gamma rays, as well as prospects of its use.
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Dosimetry during percutaneous coronary interventions of chronic total occlusions.
Jérémie Dabin,Joren Maeremans,Danielle Berus,Werner Schoonjans,Giulia Tamborino,Jo Dens,Peter Kayaert +6 more
TL;DR: The maximum dose to the patients' skin (MSD) and the exposure of the cardiologists during CTO-PCI was evaluated and the efficiency of radioprotective drapes to reduce cardiologist exposure was assessed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Patient radiation doses in various fluoroscopically guided orthopaedic procedures.
Virginia Tsapaki,Ioannis A. Tsalafoutas,D. Fagkrezos,I. Lazaretos,V. S. Nikolaou,N. Efstathopoulos +5 more
TL;DR: All orthopaedic fluoroscopic procedures performed using C-arm guidance were monitored for 1 y, and large variations in T, KAP and F were observed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Development of detailed pediatric eye models for lens dose calculations.
Haegin Han,Yeon Soo Yeom,Thang Tat Nguyen,Chansoo Choi,Bangho Shin,Sungho Moon,Sangseok Ha,Gahee Son,Robert C. Augusteyn,Chan Hyeong Kim +9 more
TL;DR: In this article, detailed eye models were developed for children and adolescents (newborns and 1, 5, 10, and 15 year olds), which were then incorporated into the pediatric mesh-type reference computational phantoms (MRCPs) and used to calculate lens dose coefficients (DCs) for photon and electron exposures.
Journal ArticleDOI
The radiation environment of anaesthesiologists in the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography room.
TL;DR: The radiation environment per procedure varied widely, DAP and RED per FT were the highest during stent insertion with esophagogastroduodenoscopy, and the anaesthesiologists may be exposed to high dose of radiation in the ERCP room, which depends on the volume of procedures performed and perhaps the anaesthetic practice patterns.
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