Journal ArticleDOI
ICRP PUBLICATION 118: ICRP Statement on Tissue Reactions and Early and Late Effects of Radiation in Normal Tissues and Organs – Threshold Doses for Tissue Reactions in a Radiation Protection Context
F A Stewart,A V Akleyev,Martin Hauer-Jensen,Jolyon H Hendry,N J Kleiman,Thomas J. MacVittie,B M Aleman,Angela B. Edgar,K Mabuchi,C R Muirhead,Roy E. Shore,William Wallace +11 more
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Estimates of ‘practical’ threshold doses for tissue injury defined at the level of 1% incidence are provided and it appears that the rate of dose delivery does not modify the low incidence for reactions manifesting very late after low total doses, particularly for cataracts and circulatory disease.Abstract:
This report provides a review of early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs with respect to radiation protection. It was instigated following a recommendation in Publication 103 (ICRP, 2007), and it provides updated estimates of 'practical' threshold doses for tissue injury defined at the level of 1% incidence. Estimates are given for morbidity and mortality endpoints in all organ systems following acute, fractionated, or chronic exposure. The organ systems comprise the haematopoietic, immune, reproductive, circulatory, respiratory, musculoskeletal, endocrine, and nervous systems; the digestive and urinary tracts; the skin; and the eye. Particular attention is paid to circulatory disease and cataracts because of recent evidence of higher incidences of injury than expected after lower doses; hence, threshold doses appear to be lower than previously considered. This is largely because of the increasing incidences with increasing times after exposure. In the context of protection, it is the threshold doses for very long follow-up times that are the most relevant for workers and the public; for example, the atomic bomb survivors with 40-50years of follow-up. Radiotherapy data generally apply for shorter follow-up times because of competing causes of death in cancer patients, and hence the risks of radiation-induced circulatory disease at those earlier times are lower. A variety of biological response modifiers have been used to help reduce late reactions in many tissues. These include antioxidants, radical scavengers, inhibitors of apoptosis, anti-inflammatory drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, growth factors, and cytokines. In many cases, these give dose modification factors of 1.1-1.2, and in a few cases 1.5-2, indicating the potential for increasing threshold doses in known exposure cases. In contrast, there are agents that enhance radiation responses, notably other cytotoxic agents such as antimetabolites, alkylating agents, anti-angiogenic drugs, and antibiotics, as well as genetic and comorbidity factors. Most tissues show a sparing effect of dose fractionation, so that total doses for a given endpoint are higher if the dose is fractionated rather than when given as a single dose. However, for reactions manifesting very late after low total doses, particularly for cataracts and circulatory disease, it appears that the rate of dose delivery does not modify the low incidence. This implies that the injury in these cases and at these low dose levels is caused by single-hit irreparable-type events. For these two tissues, a threshold dose of 0.5Gy is proposed herein for practical purposes, irrespective of the rate of dose delivery, and future studies may elucidate this judgement further.read more
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Exploring the legacy and impact of historical IJRB articles and contributions to ICRP publications and Radiation Research articles through graphical reference mapping.
Andrej Rusin,Nobuyuki Hamada +1 more
TL;DR: Three datasets and their representations show the diversity of historical IJRB publications, the impact of historicalIJRB articles in both future research in the journal and outside of it, and articles which new prospective authors contributing to the journal might find useful in their own research.
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Radiation dose reduction during adrenal vein sampling using a new angiographic imaging technology
C A Spink,Maxim Avanesov,Alexander Lenz,Frank Oliver Henes,Lennart Well,Thomas M. Schmidt,Gerhard Adam,Harald Ittrich,Peter Bannas +8 more
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The extended scope of neuroimaging and prospects in brain atrophy mitigation: A systematic review
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Association between exposure to radioactive iodine after the Chernobyl accident and thyroid volume in Belarus 10-15 years later
Ekaterina Chirikova,Robert J. McConnell,Patrick O'Kane,Vasilina Yauseyenka,Mark P. Little,Victor Minenko,Vladimir Drozdovitch,Ilya Veyalkin,Maureen Hatch,June M. Chan,Chiung Yu Huang,Kiyohiko Mabuchi,Elizabeth K. Cahoon,Alexander Rozhko,Lydia B. Zablotska +14 more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Evaluation of operator eye exposure and eye protective devices in interventional radiology: Results on clinical staff and phantom.
Andrea D'Alessio,Roberta Matheoud,Barbara Cannillo,Giuseppe Guzzardi,Francesca Galbani,Andrea Galbiati,M. Spinetta,Carmelo Stanca,Serena Tettoni,Alessandro Carriero,Marco Brambilla +10 more
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