Journal ArticleDOI
ICRP PUBLICATION 118: ICRP Statement on Tissue Reactions and Early and Late Effects of Radiation in Normal Tissues and Organs – Threshold Doses for Tissue Reactions in a Radiation Protection Context
F A Stewart,A V Akleyev,Martin Hauer-Jensen,Jolyon H Hendry,N J Kleiman,Thomas J. MacVittie,B M Aleman,Angela B. Edgar,K Mabuchi,C R Muirhead,Roy E. Shore,William Wallace +11 more
Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
Estimates of ‘practical’ threshold doses for tissue injury defined at the level of 1% incidence are provided and it appears that the rate of dose delivery does not modify the low incidence for reactions manifesting very late after low total doses, particularly for cataracts and circulatory disease.Abstract:
This report provides a review of early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs with respect to radiation protection. It was instigated following a recommendation in Publication 103 (ICRP, 2007), and it provides updated estimates of 'practical' threshold doses for tissue injury defined at the level of 1% incidence. Estimates are given for morbidity and mortality endpoints in all organ systems following acute, fractionated, or chronic exposure. The organ systems comprise the haematopoietic, immune, reproductive, circulatory, respiratory, musculoskeletal, endocrine, and nervous systems; the digestive and urinary tracts; the skin; and the eye. Particular attention is paid to circulatory disease and cataracts because of recent evidence of higher incidences of injury than expected after lower doses; hence, threshold doses appear to be lower than previously considered. This is largely because of the increasing incidences with increasing times after exposure. In the context of protection, it is the threshold doses for very long follow-up times that are the most relevant for workers and the public; for example, the atomic bomb survivors with 40-50years of follow-up. Radiotherapy data generally apply for shorter follow-up times because of competing causes of death in cancer patients, and hence the risks of radiation-induced circulatory disease at those earlier times are lower. A variety of biological response modifiers have been used to help reduce late reactions in many tissues. These include antioxidants, radical scavengers, inhibitors of apoptosis, anti-inflammatory drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, growth factors, and cytokines. In many cases, these give dose modification factors of 1.1-1.2, and in a few cases 1.5-2, indicating the potential for increasing threshold doses in known exposure cases. In contrast, there are agents that enhance radiation responses, notably other cytotoxic agents such as antimetabolites, alkylating agents, anti-angiogenic drugs, and antibiotics, as well as genetic and comorbidity factors. Most tissues show a sparing effect of dose fractionation, so that total doses for a given endpoint are higher if the dose is fractionated rather than when given as a single dose. However, for reactions manifesting very late after low total doses, particularly for cataracts and circulatory disease, it appears that the rate of dose delivery does not modify the low incidence. This implies that the injury in these cases and at these low dose levels is caused by single-hit irreparable-type events. For these two tissues, a threshold dose of 0.5Gy is proposed herein for practical purposes, irrespective of the rate of dose delivery, and future studies may elucidate this judgement further.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Multiphase CT Angiography: A New Tool for the Imaging Triage of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke
Bijoy K Menon,Christopher D d'Esterre,Emmad Qazi,Mohammed A. Almekhlafi,Leszek Hahn,Andrew M. Demchuk,Mayank Goyal +6 more
TL;DR: Multiphase CT angiography is a reliable tool for imaging selection in patients with acute ischemic stroke and its interrater reliability and ability to help determine clinical outcome are demonstrated.
Journal ArticleDOI
The appropriate and justified use of medical radiation in cardiovascular imaging: a position document of the ESC Associations of Cardiovascular Imaging, Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions and Electrophysiology
Eugenio Picano,Eliseo Vano,Eliseo Vano,Madan M. Rehani,Alberto Cuocolo,Lluís Mont,Vicente Bodi,Olivier Bar,Carlo Maccia,Luc Pierard,Rosa Sicari,Sven Plein,Heiko Mahrholdt,Patrizio Lancellotti,Juhani Knuuti,Hein Heidbuchel,Carlo Di Mario,Luigi P. Badano +17 more
TL;DR: A European perspective on the best way to play an active role in implementing into clinical practice the key principle of radiation protection that: 'each patient should get the right imaging exam, at the right time, with the right radiation dose'.
Journal ArticleDOI
Practical ways to reduce radiation dose for patients and staff during device implantations and electrophysiological procedures
Hein Heidbuchel,Fred H.M. Wittkampf,Eliseo Vano,Sabine Ernst,Richard J. Schilling,Eugenio Picano,Lluís Mont,Pierre Jaïs,Joseph de Bono,Christopher Piorkowski,EB Saad,Francisco Femenía +11 more
TL;DR: This position paper wants to offer some very practical advice on how to reduce exposure to patients and staff, and describes how customization of the X-ray system, workflow adaptations, and shielding measures can be implemented in the cath lab.
Journal ArticleDOI
Space radiation risks to the central nervous system
TL;DR: Recent space radiobiology studies of CNS effects from particle accelerators simulating space radiation using experimental models are summarized, and a critical assessment of their relevance relative to doses and dose-rates to be incurred on a Mars mission is made.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
FoxOs are critical mediators of hematopoietic stem cell resistance to physiologic oxidative stress.
Zuzana Tothova,Zuzana Tothova,Ramya Kollipara,Brian J. P. Huntly,Benjamin H. Lee,Benjamin H. Lee,Diego H. Castrillon,Dana E. Cullen,Dana E. Cullen,Elizabeth P. McDowell,Elizabeth P. McDowell,Suzan Lazo-Kallanian,Ifor R. Williams,Christopher Sears,Scott A. Armstrong,Emmanuelle Passegué,Ronald A. DePinho,D. Gary Gilliland,D. Gary Gilliland +18 more
TL;DR: FoxO proteins play essential roles in the response to physiologic oxidative stress and thereby mediate quiescence and enhanced survival in the HSC compartment, a function that is required for its long-term regenerative potential.
Journal ArticleDOI
Use of normal tissue complication probability models in the clinic.
Lawrence B. Marks,Ellen Yorke,Andrew Jackson,Randall K. Ten Haken,Louis S. Constine,Avraham Eisbruch,Søren M. Bentzen,Jiho Nam,Joseph O. Deasy +8 more
TL;DR: The Quantitative Analysis of Normal Tissue Effects in the Clinic (QUANTEC) review summarizes the currently available three-dimensional dose/volume/outcome data to update and refine the normal tissue dose/ volume tolerance guidelines provided by the classic Emami et al. paper published in 1991.
Journal ArticleDOI
Stem cell function, self-renewal, and behavioral heterogeneity of cells from the adult muscle satellite cell niche.
Charlotte A. Collins,Charlotte A. Collins,Irwin Olsen,Peter S. Zammit,Louise Heslop,Aviva Petrie,Terence A. Partridge,Jennifer E. Morgan +7 more
TL;DR: Within a normally stable tissue, the satellite cell exhibits archetypal stem cell properties and is competent to form the basal origin of adult muscle regeneration.
Journal Article
Global data on blindness.
TL;DR: The age-specific prevalences of the major causes of blindness that are related to age indicate that the trend will be for an increase in such blindness over the decades to come, unless energetic efforts are made to tackle these problems.
Journal ArticleDOI
A brief history of T(H)17, the first major revision in the T(H)1/T(H)2 hypothesis of T cell-mediated tissue damage.
TL;DR: The evolution of the understanding of the TH17 pathway illuminates a shift in immunologists' perspectives regarding the basis of tissue damage, where for over 20 years the role of TH1 cells was considered paramount.