Journal ArticleDOI
ICRP PUBLICATION 118: ICRP Statement on Tissue Reactions and Early and Late Effects of Radiation in Normal Tissues and Organs – Threshold Doses for Tissue Reactions in a Radiation Protection Context
F A Stewart,A V Akleyev,Martin Hauer-Jensen,Jolyon H Hendry,N J Kleiman,Thomas J. MacVittie,B M Aleman,Angela B. Edgar,K Mabuchi,C R Muirhead,Roy E. Shore,William Wallace +11 more
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Estimates of ‘practical’ threshold doses for tissue injury defined at the level of 1% incidence are provided and it appears that the rate of dose delivery does not modify the low incidence for reactions manifesting very late after low total doses, particularly for cataracts and circulatory disease.Abstract:
This report provides a review of early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs with respect to radiation protection. It was instigated following a recommendation in Publication 103 (ICRP, 2007), and it provides updated estimates of 'practical' threshold doses for tissue injury defined at the level of 1% incidence. Estimates are given for morbidity and mortality endpoints in all organ systems following acute, fractionated, or chronic exposure. The organ systems comprise the haematopoietic, immune, reproductive, circulatory, respiratory, musculoskeletal, endocrine, and nervous systems; the digestive and urinary tracts; the skin; and the eye. Particular attention is paid to circulatory disease and cataracts because of recent evidence of higher incidences of injury than expected after lower doses; hence, threshold doses appear to be lower than previously considered. This is largely because of the increasing incidences with increasing times after exposure. In the context of protection, it is the threshold doses for very long follow-up times that are the most relevant for workers and the public; for example, the atomic bomb survivors with 40-50years of follow-up. Radiotherapy data generally apply for shorter follow-up times because of competing causes of death in cancer patients, and hence the risks of radiation-induced circulatory disease at those earlier times are lower. A variety of biological response modifiers have been used to help reduce late reactions in many tissues. These include antioxidants, radical scavengers, inhibitors of apoptosis, anti-inflammatory drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, growth factors, and cytokines. In many cases, these give dose modification factors of 1.1-1.2, and in a few cases 1.5-2, indicating the potential for increasing threshold doses in known exposure cases. In contrast, there are agents that enhance radiation responses, notably other cytotoxic agents such as antimetabolites, alkylating agents, anti-angiogenic drugs, and antibiotics, as well as genetic and comorbidity factors. Most tissues show a sparing effect of dose fractionation, so that total doses for a given endpoint are higher if the dose is fractionated rather than when given as a single dose. However, for reactions manifesting very late after low total doses, particularly for cataracts and circulatory disease, it appears that the rate of dose delivery does not modify the low incidence. This implies that the injury in these cases and at these low dose levels is caused by single-hit irreparable-type events. For these two tissues, a threshold dose of 0.5Gy is proposed herein for practical purposes, irrespective of the rate of dose delivery, and future studies may elucidate this judgement further.read more
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Report of IRPA task group on the impact of the eye lens dose limits
Marie Claire Cantone,Mercè Ginjaume,Saveta Miljanic,Colin J. Martin,Keiichi Akahane,Louisa Mpete,Severino C Michelin,Cynthia M. Flannery,Lawrence T. Dauer,Stephen Balter +9 more
TL;DR: The results of a survey on the view of the IRPA professionals on the new limit to the lens of the eye and on the wider issue of tissue reactions are presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cognitive effects of low dose of ionizing radiation - Lessons learned and research gaps from epidemiological and biological studies.
Elisa Pasqual,François D. Boussin,Dimitry Bazyka,Arvid Nordenskjöld,Michiko Yamada,Kotaro Ozasa,Simonetta Pazzaglia,Laurence Roy,Isabelle Thierry-Chef,Florent de Vathaire,Mohammed Abderrafi Benotmane,Elisabeth Cardis +11 more
TL;DR: Well conducted research in large epidemiological cohorts and experimental studies in appropriate animal models are needed to improve the understanding of radiation-induced cognitive effects, and results may then be translated into recommendations for clinical radiation oncology and imaging decision making processes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Connexin43 Hemichannel Targeting With TAT-Gap19 Alleviates Radiation-Induced Endothelial Cell Damage
Raghda Ramadan,Els Vromans,Dornatien Chuo Anang,Ines Goetschalckx,Delphine Hoorelbeke,Elke Decrock,Sarah Baatout,Luc Leybaert,An Aerts +8 more
TL;DR: Findings suggest that endothelial Cx43 hemichannel contribute to various IR-induced processes, such as ROS, cell death, inflammation, and senescence, resulting in an increase in endothelial cell damage, which could be protected by blocking these hemichannels.
Journal ArticleDOI
Different Sequences of Fractionated Low-Dose Proton and Single Iron-Radiation-Induced Divergent Biological Responses in the Heart
Sharath P. Sasi,Xinhua Yan,Marian Zuriaga-Herrero,Hannah Gee,Juyong Lee,Raman Mehrzad,Jin Song,Jillian Onufrak,James P. Morgan,James P. Morgan,Heiko Enderling,Kenneth Walsh,Raj Kishore,David A. Goukassian,David A. Goukassian +14 more
TL;DR: Fractionated doses of radiation induces cellular and molecular changes that result in depressed heart functions both under basal conditions and particularly after myocardial infarction, which is associated with significant decreases in the angiogenic and cell survival signaling pathways.
Journal ArticleDOI
Public Health England survey of eye lens doses in the UK medical sector
Elizabeth A. Ainsbury,Simon Bouffler,M Cocker,Phil Gilvin,Edward W. Holt,S Peters,K Slack,A Williamson +7 more
TL;DR: A small, targeted survey of UK lens doses to medical staff undertaking procedures likely to involve the highest levels of radiation exposure suggests that compliance with the ICRP recommendations is likely to be possible for most individuals in the UK medical sector.
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