Journal ArticleDOI
ICRP PUBLICATION 118: ICRP Statement on Tissue Reactions and Early and Late Effects of Radiation in Normal Tissues and Organs – Threshold Doses for Tissue Reactions in a Radiation Protection Context
F A Stewart,A V Akleyev,Martin Hauer-Jensen,Jolyon H Hendry,N J Kleiman,Thomas J. MacVittie,B M Aleman,Angela B. Edgar,K Mabuchi,C R Muirhead,Roy E. Shore,William Wallace +11 more
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Estimates of ‘practical’ threshold doses for tissue injury defined at the level of 1% incidence are provided and it appears that the rate of dose delivery does not modify the low incidence for reactions manifesting very late after low total doses, particularly for cataracts and circulatory disease.Abstract:
This report provides a review of early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs with respect to radiation protection. It was instigated following a recommendation in Publication 103 (ICRP, 2007), and it provides updated estimates of 'practical' threshold doses for tissue injury defined at the level of 1% incidence. Estimates are given for morbidity and mortality endpoints in all organ systems following acute, fractionated, or chronic exposure. The organ systems comprise the haematopoietic, immune, reproductive, circulatory, respiratory, musculoskeletal, endocrine, and nervous systems; the digestive and urinary tracts; the skin; and the eye. Particular attention is paid to circulatory disease and cataracts because of recent evidence of higher incidences of injury than expected after lower doses; hence, threshold doses appear to be lower than previously considered. This is largely because of the increasing incidences with increasing times after exposure. In the context of protection, it is the threshold doses for very long follow-up times that are the most relevant for workers and the public; for example, the atomic bomb survivors with 40-50years of follow-up. Radiotherapy data generally apply for shorter follow-up times because of competing causes of death in cancer patients, and hence the risks of radiation-induced circulatory disease at those earlier times are lower. A variety of biological response modifiers have been used to help reduce late reactions in many tissues. These include antioxidants, radical scavengers, inhibitors of apoptosis, anti-inflammatory drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, growth factors, and cytokines. In many cases, these give dose modification factors of 1.1-1.2, and in a few cases 1.5-2, indicating the potential for increasing threshold doses in known exposure cases. In contrast, there are agents that enhance radiation responses, notably other cytotoxic agents such as antimetabolites, alkylating agents, anti-angiogenic drugs, and antibiotics, as well as genetic and comorbidity factors. Most tissues show a sparing effect of dose fractionation, so that total doses for a given endpoint are higher if the dose is fractionated rather than when given as a single dose. However, for reactions manifesting very late after low total doses, particularly for cataracts and circulatory disease, it appears that the rate of dose delivery does not modify the low incidence. This implies that the injury in these cases and at these low dose levels is caused by single-hit irreparable-type events. For these two tissues, a threshold dose of 0.5Gy is proposed herein for practical purposes, irrespective of the rate of dose delivery, and future studies may elucidate this judgement further.read more
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Multiphase CT Angiography: A New Tool for the Imaging Triage of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke
Bijoy K Menon,Christopher D d'Esterre,Emmad Qazi,Mohammed A. Almekhlafi,Leszek Hahn,Andrew M. Demchuk,Mayank Goyal +6 more
TL;DR: Multiphase CT angiography is a reliable tool for imaging selection in patients with acute ischemic stroke and its interrater reliability and ability to help determine clinical outcome are demonstrated.
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The appropriate and justified use of medical radiation in cardiovascular imaging: a position document of the ESC Associations of Cardiovascular Imaging, Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions and Electrophysiology
Eugenio Picano,Eliseo Vano,Eliseo Vano,Madan M. Rehani,Alberto Cuocolo,Lluís Mont,Vicente Bodi,Olivier Bar,Carlo Maccia,Luc Pierard,Rosa Sicari,Sven Plein,Heiko Mahrholdt,Patrizio Lancellotti,Juhani Knuuti,Hein Heidbuchel,Carlo Di Mario,Luigi P. Badano +17 more
TL;DR: A European perspective on the best way to play an active role in implementing into clinical practice the key principle of radiation protection that: 'each patient should get the right imaging exam, at the right time, with the right radiation dose'.
Journal ArticleDOI
Practical ways to reduce radiation dose for patients and staff during device implantations and electrophysiological procedures
Hein Heidbuchel,Fred H.M. Wittkampf,Eliseo Vano,Sabine Ernst,Richard J. Schilling,Eugenio Picano,Lluís Mont,Pierre Jaïs,Joseph de Bono,Christopher Piorkowski,EB Saad,Francisco Femenía +11 more
TL;DR: This position paper wants to offer some very practical advice on how to reduce exposure to patients and staff, and describes how customization of the X-ray system, workflow adaptations, and shielding measures can be implemented in the cath lab.
Journal ArticleDOI
Space radiation risks to the central nervous system
TL;DR: Recent space radiobiology studies of CNS effects from particle accelerators simulating space radiation using experimental models are summarized, and a critical assessment of their relevance relative to doses and dose-rates to be incurred on a Mars mission is made.
References
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Journal Article
Radiation cataracts: mechanisms involved in their long delayed occurrence but then rapid progression.
TL;DR: The sudden development of cortical cataracts several months post-irradiation coupled with the above findings suggests an accumulation of damaged descendants from the initially x-ir radiated LECs.
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Evidence for Two Patterns of Inheritance of Sensitivity to Induction of Lung Fibrosis in Mice by Radiation, One of Which Involves Two Genes
TL;DR: It is suggested that two autosomal genes which function additively determine the extent of the principal type of fibrosis in these strains and in the F1 mice this unusual fibrosis appears to be regulated independently by two additional genes, one of which is sex-linked.
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist (Cetrorelix) therapy fails to protect nonhuman primates (Macaca arctoides) from radiation-induced spermatogenic failure
Kim Boekelheide,Heidi A. Schoenfeld,Susan J. Hall,Connie C. Weng,Gunapala Shetty,John T. Leith,James Harper,Mark Sigman,David L. Hess,Marvin L. Meistrich +9 more
TL;DR: This study tested whether GnRH antagonist therapy could reverse radiation-induced testicular injury in primates with a similar protocol and found that rescue protocols that were successful in rodents might not work in primates.
'Circulatory Disease Risk', report of the independent Advisory Group on Ionising Radiation
T.J. McMillan,M.R. Bennett,Bryn A. Bridges,J. Hendry,B. Jones,Chryso Kanthou,Mark P. Little,Andrew M. Taylor,Ioanna Tzoulaki,Simon Bouffler,W. Zhang,H. Walker,P. Keep,S.C. Darby +13 more
TL;DR: This AGIR report (RCE-16) reviews the epidemiological, experimental and medical evidence for radiation exposure elevating the incidence of circulatory diseases and considers the likely need and implications for radiological protection to take these diseases into account in protection of health from low dose exposures and medical exposures.
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The effect of small radiation doses on the rat spinal cord: The concept of partial tolerance
TL;DR: The results show that the quality and quantity of cellular repair is not modified when part of a multifractionated exposure is replaced by a larger top-up dose, which will allow investigations of the extent of sublethal damage repair for fraction sizes as low as 1 Gy.