Journal ArticleDOI
ICRP PUBLICATION 118: ICRP Statement on Tissue Reactions and Early and Late Effects of Radiation in Normal Tissues and Organs – Threshold Doses for Tissue Reactions in a Radiation Protection Context
F A Stewart,A V Akleyev,Martin Hauer-Jensen,Jolyon H Hendry,N J Kleiman,Thomas J. MacVittie,B M Aleman,Angela B. Edgar,K Mabuchi,C R Muirhead,Roy E. Shore,William Wallace +11 more
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Estimates of ‘practical’ threshold doses for tissue injury defined at the level of 1% incidence are provided and it appears that the rate of dose delivery does not modify the low incidence for reactions manifesting very late after low total doses, particularly for cataracts and circulatory disease.Abstract:
This report provides a review of early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs with respect to radiation protection. It was instigated following a recommendation in Publication 103 (ICRP, 2007), and it provides updated estimates of 'practical' threshold doses for tissue injury defined at the level of 1% incidence. Estimates are given for morbidity and mortality endpoints in all organ systems following acute, fractionated, or chronic exposure. The organ systems comprise the haematopoietic, immune, reproductive, circulatory, respiratory, musculoskeletal, endocrine, and nervous systems; the digestive and urinary tracts; the skin; and the eye. Particular attention is paid to circulatory disease and cataracts because of recent evidence of higher incidences of injury than expected after lower doses; hence, threshold doses appear to be lower than previously considered. This is largely because of the increasing incidences with increasing times after exposure. In the context of protection, it is the threshold doses for very long follow-up times that are the most relevant for workers and the public; for example, the atomic bomb survivors with 40-50years of follow-up. Radiotherapy data generally apply for shorter follow-up times because of competing causes of death in cancer patients, and hence the risks of radiation-induced circulatory disease at those earlier times are lower. A variety of biological response modifiers have been used to help reduce late reactions in many tissues. These include antioxidants, radical scavengers, inhibitors of apoptosis, anti-inflammatory drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, growth factors, and cytokines. In many cases, these give dose modification factors of 1.1-1.2, and in a few cases 1.5-2, indicating the potential for increasing threshold doses in known exposure cases. In contrast, there are agents that enhance radiation responses, notably other cytotoxic agents such as antimetabolites, alkylating agents, anti-angiogenic drugs, and antibiotics, as well as genetic and comorbidity factors. Most tissues show a sparing effect of dose fractionation, so that total doses for a given endpoint are higher if the dose is fractionated rather than when given as a single dose. However, for reactions manifesting very late after low total doses, particularly for cataracts and circulatory disease, it appears that the rate of dose delivery does not modify the low incidence. This implies that the injury in these cases and at these low dose levels is caused by single-hit irreparable-type events. For these two tissues, a threshold dose of 0.5Gy is proposed herein for practical purposes, irrespective of the rate of dose delivery, and future studies may elucidate this judgement further.read more
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Radiation environment for future human exploration on the surface of Mars: the current understanding based on MSL/RAD dose measurements
Jingnan Guo,Jingnan Guo,Cary Zeitlin,Robert F. Wimmer-Schweingruber,Donald M. Hassler,Bent Ehresmann,Scot Rafkin,Johan L. Freiherr von Forstner,Salman Khaksarighiri,Weihao Liu,Yuming Wang +10 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the temporal variation of the Galactic Cosmic Ray (GCR) radiation and the observed Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events measured by the Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) from the launch of MSL until December 2020, i.e., from the pre-maximum of solar cycle 24 throughout its solar minimum until the initial year of Cycle 25.
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Radiation protection effect of mobile shield barrier for the medical personnel during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a quasi-experimental prospective study.
TL;DR: The mobile shield barrier was useful to reduce the radiation exposure of medical personnel during ERCP and the difference between TLD1 and others showed a statistical significance; however, there were no significant differences between the TLDs inside the barrier.
Journal ArticleDOI
Radiation eye dose to medical staff during respiratory endoscopy under X-ray fluoroscopy.
Yoshihiro Haga,Koichi Chida,Yuichiro Kimura,Shinsuke Yamanda,Masahiro Sota,Mitsuya Abe,Yuji Kaga,Taiichiro Meguro,Masayuki Zuguchi +8 more
TL;DR: The occupational eye dose of bronchoscopy staff (both physicians and nurses) was underestimated when measured using a neck dosimeter, and correct evaluation of the lens dose [Hp(3)] using an eye dosimeter such as the DOSIRIS is necessary for bronchoscope staff.
Journal ArticleDOI
Expert consultation is vital for adverse outcome pathway development: a case example of cardiovascular effects of ionizing radiation.
Vinita Chauhan,Nobuyuki Hamada,Virginie Monceau,Teni Ebrahimian,Nadine Adam,Ruth C. Wilkins,Soji Sebastian,Zarana S. Patel,Janice L. Huff,Cristoforo Simonetto,Toshiyasu Iwasaki,Jan Christian Kaiser,Sisko Salomaa,Simone Moertl,Omid Azimzadeh +14 more
TL;DR: The adverse outcome pathway (AOP) approach was used with consultation from field experts to delineate connectivities of events specifically to cardiovascular disease (CVD) initiation and progression, and the questions and discussions needed to develop an AOP for CVD resulting from ionizing radiation (IR) exposure.
Journal ArticleDOI
Occupational radiation exposure and glaucoma and macular degeneration in the US radiologic technologists
Mark P. Little,Cari M. Kitahara,Elizabeth K. Cahoon,Marie Odile Bernier,Raquel Velazquez-Kronen,Michele M. Doody,David Borrego,Jeremy S. Miller,Bruce H. Alexander,Steven L. Simon,Dale L. Preston,Craig Meyer,Martha S. Linet,Nobuyuki Hamada +13 more
TL;DR: There is no appreciable risk for either endpoint associated with low-dose and low dose-rate radiation exposure in the US Radiologic Technologists Study, suggesting that this is the first examination of glaucoma and macular degeneration associated withLow-dose radiation exposure and needs to be replicated in other low- dose studies.
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