Journal ArticleDOI
ICRP PUBLICATION 118: ICRP Statement on Tissue Reactions and Early and Late Effects of Radiation in Normal Tissues and Organs – Threshold Doses for Tissue Reactions in a Radiation Protection Context
F A Stewart,A V Akleyev,Martin Hauer-Jensen,Jolyon H Hendry,N J Kleiman,Thomas J. MacVittie,B M Aleman,Angela B. Edgar,K Mabuchi,C R Muirhead,Roy E. Shore,William Wallace +11 more
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Estimates of ‘practical’ threshold doses for tissue injury defined at the level of 1% incidence are provided and it appears that the rate of dose delivery does not modify the low incidence for reactions manifesting very late after low total doses, particularly for cataracts and circulatory disease.Abstract:
This report provides a review of early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs with respect to radiation protection. It was instigated following a recommendation in Publication 103 (ICRP, 2007), and it provides updated estimates of 'practical' threshold doses for tissue injury defined at the level of 1% incidence. Estimates are given for morbidity and mortality endpoints in all organ systems following acute, fractionated, or chronic exposure. The organ systems comprise the haematopoietic, immune, reproductive, circulatory, respiratory, musculoskeletal, endocrine, and nervous systems; the digestive and urinary tracts; the skin; and the eye. Particular attention is paid to circulatory disease and cataracts because of recent evidence of higher incidences of injury than expected after lower doses; hence, threshold doses appear to be lower than previously considered. This is largely because of the increasing incidences with increasing times after exposure. In the context of protection, it is the threshold doses for very long follow-up times that are the most relevant for workers and the public; for example, the atomic bomb survivors with 40-50years of follow-up. Radiotherapy data generally apply for shorter follow-up times because of competing causes of death in cancer patients, and hence the risks of radiation-induced circulatory disease at those earlier times are lower. A variety of biological response modifiers have been used to help reduce late reactions in many tissues. These include antioxidants, radical scavengers, inhibitors of apoptosis, anti-inflammatory drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, growth factors, and cytokines. In many cases, these give dose modification factors of 1.1-1.2, and in a few cases 1.5-2, indicating the potential for increasing threshold doses in known exposure cases. In contrast, there are agents that enhance radiation responses, notably other cytotoxic agents such as antimetabolites, alkylating agents, anti-angiogenic drugs, and antibiotics, as well as genetic and comorbidity factors. Most tissues show a sparing effect of dose fractionation, so that total doses for a given endpoint are higher if the dose is fractionated rather than when given as a single dose. However, for reactions manifesting very late after low total doses, particularly for cataracts and circulatory disease, it appears that the rate of dose delivery does not modify the low incidence. This implies that the injury in these cases and at these low dose levels is caused by single-hit irreparable-type events. For these two tissues, a threshold dose of 0.5Gy is proposed herein for practical purposes, irrespective of the rate of dose delivery, and future studies may elucidate this judgement further.read more
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Dosimetry of [212Pb]VMT01, a MC1R-Targeted Alpha Therapeutic Compound, and Effect of Free 208Tl on Tissue Absorbed Doses
Kelly Davis Orcutt,Kelly E. Henry,Christine Habjan,Keryn Palmer,Jack Heimann,Julie M. Cupido,Vijaya Gottumukkala,Derek D. Cissell,Morgan C. Lyon,Amira I. Hussein,Dijie Liu,Mengshi Li,Frances L. Johnson,Michael K. Schultz +13 more
TL;DR: Results indicate that the dose-limiting tissues for [212Pb]VMT01 are the red marrow and the kidneys, with estimated absorbed doses of 1.06 and 8.27 mGyRBE = 5/MBq, and this latter finding indicates that free 208Tl in the [212 Pb] VMT01 injectate will not substantially impact estimated tissue absorbed doses in humans.
Journal ArticleDOI
Patient radiation exposure from intraoperative computed tomography in spinal surgery.
Jan-Helge Klingler,Yashar Naseri,Peter C. Reinacher,H. Hoedlmoser,Horst Urbach,Marc Hohenhaus +5 more
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors showed that the dosimetrically assessed radiation exposure for cervical and lumbar 3D scans with an intraoperative CT is considerably higher than with a 3D C-arm.
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The Effect of Pre-Operative Verbal Confirmation for Interventional Radiology Physicians on Their Use of Personal Dosimeters and Personal Protective Equipment
Satoru Matsuzaki,Takashi Moritake,Lue Sun,Koichi Morota,Keisuke Nagamoto,Koichi Nakagami,Tomoko Kuriyama,Go Hitomi,Shigeyuki Kajiki,Naoki Kunugita +9 more
TL;DR: In this paper , a pre-operative briefing was conducted as a direct intervention, and the use of personal passive dosimeters and personal protective equipment (PPE) was verbally confirmed and verified by measuring the use rates and individual exposure doses.
Journal ArticleDOI
Knowledge and Practices of Health Professionals on the Optimization of Radiation Protection in Diagnostic Radiology in Children and Adults in the General Referral Hospitals of Bukavu in South Kivu, DRC
Minga Barthelemy Bope Kwete,Francy Pembi,Kankiesa Nestor Ngoyi,Bope Pierre Muanyim,Mukambilwa Docksin Byeka,Kapia Patrick Milambo,Bushebu Sylvie Mbulu,Lupongu Arthur Munanga,Luzolo Emery Kafinga +8 more
TL;DR: Although radiologists have sufficient knowledge of radiation protection standards, technical constraints do not allow them to observe the dose limitation principle recommended by the ICRP, which is why several radiology departments, including those of the HPGRB, the MWANZI clinic and CIRIRI non-standard equipment is necessary to promote patient and environmental safety by optimising radiation protection.
Journal ArticleDOI
The association between exposure to radiation and the incidence of cataract.
Orly Weinstein,Orly Weinstein,Maayan Yitshak Sade,Ilan Shelef,Victor Novack,Muhammad Abu Tailakh,Jaime Levy +6 more
TL;DR: A retrospective cohort of Israeli residents who underwent CT scans or ultrasonic tests in Soroka Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel, between the years 1996 and 2014 detected a similar risk of cataract with head, neck or the rest of the body CT.
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