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On "genomenclature": a comprehensive (and respectful) taxonomy for pseudogenes and other "junk DNA".

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TLDR
This paper designate as a "nuon" any stretch of nucleic acid sequence that may be identifiable by any criterion and shows how such a general term will facilitate contemplation of the structural and functional contributions of such elements to the genome in its past, current, or future state.
Abstract
Genomic nomenclature has not kept pace with the levels and depth of analyzing and understanding genomic structure, function, and evolution. We wish to propose a general terminology that might aid the integrated study of evolution and molecular biology. Here we designate as a "nuon" any stretch of nucleic acid sequence that may be identifiable by any criterion. We show how such a general term will facilitate contemplation of the structural and functional contributions of such elements to the genome in its past, current, or future state. We focus in this paper on pseudogenes and dispersed repetitive elements, since their current names reflect the prevalent view that they constitute dispensable genomic noise (trash), rather than a vast repertoire of sequences with the capacity to shape an organism during evolution. This potential to contribute sequences for future use is reflected in the suggested terms "potonuons" or "potogenes." If such a potonuon has been coopted into a variant or novel function, an evolutionary process termed "exaptation," we employ the term "xaptonuon." If a potonuon remains without function (nonaptive nuon), it is a "nonaptation" and we term it "naptonuon." A number of examples for potonuons and xaptonuons are given.

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Journal ArticleDOI

DNA Transposons and the Evolution of Eukaryotic Genomes

TL;DR: This review focuses on DNA-mediated or class 2 transposons and emphasizes how this class of elements is distinguished from other types of mobile elements in terms of their structure, amplification dynamics, and genomic effect.
Journal ArticleDOI

Regulatory activities of transposable elements: from conflicts to benefits.

TL;DR: Recent findings supporting the long-standing hypothesis that the waves of TE invasions endured by organisms for eons have catalysed the evolution of gene-regulatory networks are reviewed.
Journal ArticleDOI

The origin of new genes: glimpses from the young and old

TL;DR: The study of ancient genes has highlighted the antiquity and general importance of some mechanisms of gene origination, and recent observations of young genes at early stages in their evolution have unveiled unexpected molecular and evolutionary processes.
Journal ArticleDOI

Inactivation of the mouse Msh2 gene results in mismatch repair deficiency, methylation tolerance, hyperrecombination, and predisposition to cancer

TL;DR: Cells and mice that are deficient for the presumed DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene Msh2 have lost mismatch binding and have acquired microsatellite instability, a mutator phenotype, and tolerance to methylating agents, suggesting that Msh1 is involved in safeguarding the genome from promiscuous recombination.
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