Replacement by Drosophila melanogaster protamines and Mst77F of histones during chromatin condensation in late spermatids and role of sesame in the removal of these proteins from the male pronucleus.
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The data suggest the major features of chromatin condensation in Drosophila spermatogenesis correspond to those in mammals, including protamines and linker histone-like protein.Abstract:
Chromatin condensation is a typical feature of sperm cells. During mammalian spermiogenesis, histones are first replaced by transition proteins and then by protamines, while little is known for Drosophila melanogaster. Here we characterize three genes in the fly genome, Mst35Ba, Mst35Bb, and Mst77F. The results indicate that Mst35Ba and Mst35Bb encode dProtA and dProtB, respectively. These are considerably larger than mammalian protamines, but, as in mammals, both protamines contain typical cysteine/arginine clusters. Mst77F encodes a linker histone-like protein showing significant similarity to mammalian HILS1 protein. ProtamineA-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), ProtamineB-eGFP, and Mst77F-eGFP carrying Drosophila lines show that these proteins become the important chromosomal protein components of elongating spermatids, and His2AvDGFP vanishes. Mst77F mutants [ms(3)nc3] are characterized by small round nuclei and are sterile as males. These data suggest the major features of chromatin condensation in Drosophila spermatogenesis correspond to those in mammals. During early fertilization steps, the paternal pronucleus still contains protamines and Mst77F but regains a nucleosomal conformation before zygote formation. In eggs laid by sesame-deficient females, the paternal pronucleus remains in a protamine-based chromatin status but Mst77F-eGFP is removed, suggesting that the sesame gene product is essential for removal of protamines while Mst77F removal is independent of Sesame.read more
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Zygotic Genome Activation During the Maternal-to-Zygotic Transition
TL;DR: This review discusses recent advances toward understanding the scope, timing, and mechanisms that underlie zygotic genome activation at the MZT in animals and describes high-throughput techniques to measure the embryonic transcriptome.
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Chromatin dynamics during spermiogenesis.
TL;DR: This review highlights the current knowledge on post-meiotic chromatin reorganization and reveals for the first time intriguing parallels in this process in Drosophila and mammals and illustrates the possible mechanisms that lead from a histone-based chromatin to a mainly protamine-based structure during spermatid differentiation.
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The histone H3.3 chaperone HIRA is essential for chromatin assembly in the male pronucleus
Benjamin Loppin,Emilie Bonnefoy,Caroline Anselme,Anne Laurençon,Timothy L. Karr,Pierre Couble +5 more
TL;DR: It is shown that ssm is a point mutation in the Hira gene, thus demonstrating that the histone chaperone protein HIRA is required for nucleosome assembly during sperm nucleus decondensation, and that nucleosomes containing H3.3, and not H3, are specifically assembled in paternal Drosophila chromatin before the first round of DNA replication.
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Resolving mechanisms of competitive fertilization success in Drosophila melanogaster.
Mollie K. Manier,John M. Belote,Kirstin S. Berben,David Novikov,Will T. Stuart,Scott Pitnick +5 more
TL;DR: Sperm showed more mobility within the female storage organs than expected, with those from the most recent copulation displacing sperm from previous males; however, sperm viability remained consistent over long-term storage and each male's sperm was equally competitive in fertilizing the female's eggs.
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Dynamic distribution of the replacement histone variant H3.3 in the mouse oocyte and preimplantation embryos.
Maria-Elena Torres-Padilla,Andrew J. Bannister,Paul J. Hurd,Tony Kouzarides,Magdalena Zernicka-Goetz +4 more
TL;DR: It is detected H3.3 in the nuclei of mouse embryos in all of the stages analysed, from the zygote to the blastocyst stage, suggesting that the epigenetic mechanisms in the early embryo not only involve changes in histone modifications but may also include histone replacement.
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Development in DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
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