The Relative Contribution of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum Infections to the Infectious Reservoir in a Low-Endemic Setting in Ethiopia.
Fitsum G. Tadesse,Fitsum G. Tadesse,Hannah C Slater,Wakweya Chali,Karina Teelen,Kjerstin Lanke,Mulualem Belachew,Temesgen Menberu,Girma Shumie,Getasew Shitaye,Lucy C Okell,Wouter Graumans,Geert-Jan van Gemert,Soriya Kedir,Addisu Tesfaye,Feleke Belachew,Wake Abebe,Hassen Mamo,Robert W. Sauerwein,Taye Tolera Balcha,Taye Tolera Balcha,Abraham Aseffa,Delenasaw Yewhalaw,Endalamaw Gadisa,Chris Drakeley,Teun Bousema,Teun Bousema +26 more
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TLDR
In this low-endemic setting aiming for malaria elimination, asymptomatic infections were highly prevalent and responsible for the majority of onward mosquito infections.Abstract:
Background: The majority of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infections in low-endemic settings are asymptomatic. The relative contribution to the infectious reservoir of these infections compared to clinical malaria cases is currently unknown. Methods: We assessed infectivity of passively recruited symptomatic malaria patients (n = 41) and community-recruited asymptomatic individuals with microscopy-detected (n = 41) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-detected infections (n = 82) using membrane feeding assays with Anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes in Adama, Ethiopia. Malaria incidence and prevalence data were used to estimate the contributions of these populations to the infectious reservoir. Results: Overall, 34.9% (29/83) of P. vivax- and 15.1% (8/53) P. falciparum-infected individuals infected ≥1 mosquitoes. Mosquito infection rates were strongly correlated with asexual parasite density for P. vivax (ρ = 0.63; P < .001) but not for P. falciparum (ρ = 0.06; P = .770). Plasmodium vivax symptomatic infections were more infectious to mosquitoes (infecting 46.5% of mosquitoes, 307/660) compared to asymptomatic microscopy-detected (infecting 12.0% of mosquitoes, 80/667; P = .005) and PCR-detected infections (infecting 0.8% of mosquitoes, 6/744; P < .001). Adjusting for population prevalence, symptomatic, asymptomatic microscopy-detected, and PCR-detected infections were responsible for 8.0%, 76.2%, and 15.8% of the infectious reservoir for P. vivax, respectively. For P. falciparum, mosquito infections were sparser and also predominantly from asymptomatic infections. Conclusions: In this low-endemic setting aiming for malaria elimination, asymptomatic infections were highly prevalent and responsible for the majority of onward mosquito infections. The early identification and treatment of asymptomatic infections might accelerate elimination efforts.read more
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The temporal dynamics and infectiousness of subpatent Plasmodium falciparum infections in relation to parasite density
Hannah C Slater,Amanda Ross,Amanda Ross,Ingrid Felger,Ingrid Felger,Natalie E. Hofmann,Natalie E. Hofmann,Leanne J. Robinson,Jackie Cook,Bronner P. Gonçalves,Anders Björkman,André Lin Ouédraogo,Ulrika Morris,Mwinyi I. Msellem,Cristian Koepfli,Cristian Koepfli,Ivo Mueller,Ivo Mueller,Ivo Mueller,Fitsum G. Tadesse,Fitsum G. Tadesse,Endalamaw Gadisa,Smita Das,Gonzalo J. Domingo,Melissa C. Kapulu,Melissa C. Kapulu,Janet Midega,Janet Midega,Seth Owusu-Agyei,Cécile Nabet,Renaud Piarroux,Ogobara K. Doumbo,Safiatou Doumbo,Kwadwo A. Koram,Naomi W. Lucchi,Venkatachalam Udhayakumar,Jacklin F. Mosha,Alfred B. Tiono,Daniel Chandramohan,Roly Gosling,Felista Mwingira,Robert W. Sauerwein,Richard Paul,Eleanor M. Riley,Eleanor M. Riley,Nicholas J. White,Nicholas J. White,François Nosten,François Nosten,Mallika Imwong,Teun Bousema,Teun Bousema,Chris Drakeley,Lucy C Okell +53 more
TL;DR: Results indicate that subpatent infections contribute to the infectious reservoir, may be long lasting, and require more sensitive diagnostics to detect them in lower transmission settings.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effect of generalised access to early diagnosis and treatment and targeted mass drug administration on Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Eastern Myanmar: an observational study of a regional elimination programme
Jordi Landier,Jordi Landier,Daniel M. Parker,Daniel M. Parker,Aung Myint Thu,Khin Maung Lwin,Gilles Delmas,Gilles Delmas,François Nosten,François Nosten,Chiara Andolina,Ricardo Aguas,Saw Moe Ang,Ei Phyo Aung,Naw Baw Baw,Saw Aye Be,Saw B'Let,Hay Bluh,Craig A. Bonnington,Victor Chaumeau,Miasa Chirakiratinant,Win Cho Cho,Peter R. Christensen,Vincent Corbel,Nicholas P. J. Day,Saw Hsa Dah,Mehul Dhorda,Arjen M. Dondorp,Jean Gaudart,Gornpan Gornsawun,Warat Haohankhunnatham,Saw Kyaw Hla,Saw Nay Hsel,Saw Nay Htoo,Mallika Imwong,Saw John,Ladda Kajeechiwa,Lily Kereecharoen,Praphan Kittiphanakun,Keerati Kittitawee,Kamonchanok Konghahong,Saw Diamond Khin,Saw Win Kyaw,Clare L. Ling,Khine Shwe War Lwin,Naw K' Yin Ma,Alexandra Marie,Cynthia Maung,Ed Marta,Myo Chit Minh,Olivo Miotto,Paw Khu Moo,Ku Ler Moo,Merry Moo,Naw Na Na,Mar Nay,Suphak Nosten,Slight Naw Nyo,Eh Kalu Shwe Oh,Phu Thit Oo,Tun Pyit Oo,Eh Shee Paw,Choochai Phumiya,Aung Pyae Phyo,Kasiha Pilaseng,Stephane Proux,Santisuk Rakthinthong,Wannee Ritwongsakul,Kloloi Salathibuphha,Armon Santirad,Sunisa Sawasdichai,Lorenz von Seidlein,Paw Wah Shee,Paw Bway Shee,Decha Tangseefa,May Myo Thwin,Saw Win Tun,Chode Wanachaloemlep,Lisa J. White,Nicholas J. White,Jacher Wiladphaingern,Saw Nyunt Win,Nan Lin Yee,Daraporn Yuwapan +83 more
TL;DR: Providing early diagnosis and effective treatment substantially decreased village-level incidence of artemisinin-resistant P falciparum malaria in hard-to-reach, politically sensitive regions of eastern Myanmar.
Journal ArticleDOI
First detection of Anopheles stephensi Liston, 1901 (Diptera: culicidae) in Ethiopia using molecular and morphological approaches.
Tamar E. Carter,Tamar E. Carter,Solomon Yared,Araya Gebresilassie,Victoria Bonnell,Lambodhar Damodaran,Karen Lopez,Mohammed Ibrahim,Seid Mohammed,Daniel Janies +9 more
TL;DR: The first detection of Anopheles stephensi in Ethiopia is reported, a malaria vector typically found in the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, and China, but recently found in Djibouti.
Journal ArticleDOI
Assessment of ultra-sensitive malaria diagnosis versus standard molecular diagnostics for malaria elimination : an in-depth molecular community cross-sectional study
Natalie E. Hofmann,Natalie E. Hofmann,Maria Gruenberg,Maria Gruenberg,Elma Nate,Alice Ura,Daniela Rodriguez-Rodriguez,Daniela Rodriguez-Rodriguez,Mary Salib,Ivo Mueller,Ivo Mueller,Ivo Mueller,Thomas J. Smith,Thomas J. Smith,Moses Laman,Leanne J. Robinson,Ingrid Felger,Ingrid Felger +17 more
TL;DR: The epidemiological patterns observed with each diagnostic approach in the study population corresponded well between standard qPCR and the reference method, and current RDTs cannot replace molecular diagnostics for identifying potential P falciparum transmitters.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sources of persistent malaria transmission in a setting with effective malaria control in eastern Uganda: a longitudinal, observational cohort study.
Chiara Andolina,John Rek,Jessica Briggs,Joseph Okoth,Alex K. Musiime,Jordache Ramjith,Noam Teyssier,Melissa D. Conrad,Joaniter I. Nankabirwa,Kjerstin Lanke,Isabel Rodriguez-Barraquer,Lisette Meerstein-Kessel,Emmanuel Arinaitwe,Peter Olwoch,Philip J. Rosenthal,Moses R. Kamya,Grant Dorsey,Bryan Greenhouse,Chris Drakeley,Sarah G. Staedke,Teun Bousema +20 more
TL;DR: In this article, the contribution of symptomatic and asymptomatic infections to P falciparum transmission in Tororo, Uganda was quantified using a longitudinal, observational cohort study.
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