The Stueckelberg Field
Henri Ruegg,M. Ruiz-Altaba +1 more
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The Stueckelberg mechanism was introduced in this paper to reveal a symmetry of a gauge-fixed theory, which led to applications in many areas not anticipated by the author, such as strings.Abstract:
In 1938, Stueckelberg introduced a scalar field which makes an Abelian gauge theory massive but preserves gauge invariance. The Stueckelberg mechanism is the introduction of new fields to reveal a symmetry of a gauge--fixed theory. We first review the Stueckelberg mechanism in the massive Abelian gauge theory. We then extend this idea to the standard model, stueckelberging the hypercharge U(1) and thus giving a mass to the physical photon. This introduces an infrared regulator for the photon in the standard electroweak theory, along with a modification of the weak mixing angle accompanied by a plethora of new effects. Notably, neutrinos couple to the photon and charged leptons have also a pseudo-vector coupling. Finally, we review the historical influence of Stueckelberg's 1938 idea, which led to applications in many areas not anticipated by the author, such as strings. We describe the numerous proposals to generalize the Stueckelberg trick to the non-Abelian case with the aim to find alternatives to the standard model. Nevertheless, the Higgs mechanism in spontaneous symmetry breaking remains the only presently known way to give masses to non-Abelian vector fields in a renormalizable and unitary theory.read more
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TL;DR: This biennial Review summarizes much of particle physics, using data from previous editions.
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Quantum Field Theory
TL;DR: In this article, a modern pedagogic introduction to the ideas and techniques of quantum field theory is presented, with a brief overview of particle physics and a survey of relativistic wave equations and Lagrangian methods.
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Partial Symmetries of Weak Interactions
TL;DR: In this paper, the weak and electromagnetic interactions of leptons are examined under the hypothesis that the weak interactions are mediated by vector bosons, and it is shown that the simplest partially-symmetric model reproducing the observed electromagnetic and weak interactions requires the existence of at least four vector-boson fields (including the photon).
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Broken Symmetry and the Mass of Gauge Vector Mesons
F. Englert,Robert Brout +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that in certain cases vector mesons do indeed acquire mass when the vacuum is degenerate with respect to a compact Lie group, and that strong interaction physics originates from massive gauge fields related to a system of conserved currents.