Journal ArticleDOI
Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas.
Robert J. Hijmans,Susan E. Cameron,Susan E. Cameron,Juan L. Parra,Peter G. Jones,Andy Jarvis +5 more
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In this paper, the authors developed interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas (excluding Antarctica) at a spatial resolution of 30 arc s (often referred to as 1-km spatial resolution).Abstract:
We developed interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas (excluding Antarctica) at a spatial resolution of 30 arc s (often referred to as 1-km spatial resolution). The climate elements considered were monthly precipitation and mean, minimum, and maximum temperature. Input data were gathered from a variety of sources and, where possible, were restricted to records from the 1950–2000 period. We used the thin-plate smoothing spline algorithm implemented in the ANUSPLIN package for interpolation, using latitude, longitude, and elevation as independent variables. We quantified uncertainty arising from the input data and the interpolation by mapping weather station density, elevation bias in the weather stations, and elevation variation within grid cells and through data partitioning and cross validation. Elevation bias tended to be negative (stations lower than expected) at high latitudes but positive in the tropics. Uncertainty is highest in mountainous and in poorly sampled areas. Data partitioning showed high uncertainty of the surfaces on isolated islands, e.g. in the Pacific. Aggregating the elevation and climate data to 10 arc min resolution showed an enormous variation within grid cells, illustrating the value of high-resolution surfaces. A comparison with an existing data set at 10 arc min resolution showed overall agreement, but with significant variation in some regions. A comparison with two high-resolution data sets for the United States also identified areas with large local differences, particularly in mountainous areas. Compared to previous global climatologies, ours has the following advantages: the data are at a higher spatial resolution (400 times greater or more); more weather station records were used; improved elevation data were used; and more information about spatial patterns of uncertainty in the data is available. Owing to the overall low density of available climate stations, our surfaces do not capture of all variation that may occur at a resolution of 1 km, particularly of precipitation in mountainous areas. In future work, such variation might be captured through knowledgebased methods and inclusion of additional co-variates, particularly layers obtained through remote sensing. Copyright 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
The Last Glacial Maximum at 44°S documented by a 10Be moraine chronology at Lake Ohau, Southern Alps of New Zealand
Aaron E. Putnam,Aaron E. Putnam,Joerg M. Schaefer,Joerg M. Schaefer,George H. Denton,David J.A. Barrell,Sean D. Birkel,Bjørn G. Andersen,Michael R. Kaplan,Robert C. Finkel,Roseanne Schwartz,Alice M. Doughty +11 more
TL;DR: This paper used 10 Be surface-exposure dating methods and detailed glacial geomorphologic mapping to produce a robust chronology of well-preserved terminal moraines deposited during the local LGM near Lake Ohau on central South Island.
Journal ArticleDOI
Do Himalayan treelines respond to recent climate change? An evaluation of sensitivity indicators
Udo Schickhoff,Maria Bobrowski,Jürgen Böhner,Birgit Bürzle,Ram Prasad Chaudhary,Lars Gerlitz,Helge Heyken,Jelena Lange,Michael Müller,Thomas Scholten,Niels Schwab,Ronja Wedegärtner +11 more
TL;DR: The authors reviewed the current state of knowledge regarding sensitivity and response of Himalayan treelines to climate warming, based on extensive field observations, published results in the widely scattered literature, and novel data from ongoing research of the present authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Reserves Protect against Deforestation Fires in the Amazon
TL;DR: Taking time, regional factors, and climate into account, the results show that reserves are an effective tool for curbing destructive burning in the Amazon.
Journal ArticleDOI
The energetic and carbon economic origins of leaf thermoregulation
Sean T. Michaletz,Sean T. Michaletz,Michael D. Weiser,Nate G. McDowell,Jizhong Zhou,Jizhong Zhou,Jizhong Zhou,Michael Kaspari,Michael Kaspari,Brent R. Helliker,Brian J. Enquist +10 more
TL;DR: The theory, parameterized with global averaged leaf traits and microclimate, predicts a moderate level of leaf thermoregulation across a broad air temperature gradient, and predicts that net carbon assimilation can be maximized by means of a trade-off between leaf thermal stability and photosynthetic stability.
Journal ArticleDOI
Global Geographic Distribution and Host Range of Fusarium circinatum, the Causal Agent of Pine Pitch Canker
Rein Drenkhan,Beccy Ganley,Jorge Martín-García,Petr Vahalík,Kalev Adamson,Katarína Adamčíková,Rodrigo Ahumada,Lior Blank,Helena Bragança,Paolo Capretti,Michelle Cleary,Carolina Cornejo,Kateryna Davydenko,Julio J. Diez,Hatice Tugba,Dogmuş Lehtijärvi,Miloň Dvořák,Rasmus Enderle,Gerda Fourie,Margarita Georgieva,Luisa Ghelardini,Jarkko Hantula,Renaud Ioos,Eugenia Iturritxa,Loukas Kanetis,Natalia Karpun,András Koltay,Elena Landeras,Svetlana Markovskaja,Nebai Mesanza,Ivan Milenković,Ivan Milenković,Dmitry L. Musolin,Konstantinos Nikolaou,Justyna Nowakowska,Nikica Ogris,Funda Oskay,Tomasz Oszako,Irena Papazova-Anakieva,Marius Paraschiv,Matias Pasquali,Francesco Pecori,Trond Rafoss,Kristina Raitelaitytė,Rosa Raposo,Cécile Robin,Carlos A. Rodas,Alberto Santini,Antonio V. Sanz-Ros,Andrey V. Selikhovkin,Alejandro Solla,Mirkka Soukainen,Nikoleta Soulioti,Emma Theodora Steenkamp,Panaghiotis Tsopelas,Aleksandar Vemić,Anna Maria Vettraino,Michael J. Wingfield,Stephen Woodward,Cristina Zamora-Ballesteros,Martin Mullett +60 more
TL;DR: The findings reported in this review will support countries that are currently free of F. circinatum in implementing effective procedures and restrictions and prevent further spread of the pathogen.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids
Timothy D. Mitchell,Philip Jones +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a database of monthly climate observations from meteorological stations is constructed and checked for inhomogeneities in the station records using an automated method that refines previous methods by using incomplete and partially overlapping records and by detecting inhomalities with opposite signs in different seasons.
Journal ArticleDOI
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Journal ArticleDOI
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Mark New,Mike Hulme,Phil Jones +2 more
TL;DR: In this article, a 0.5° lat × 0. 5° long surface climatology of global land areas, excluding Antarctica, is described, which represents the period 1961-90 and comprises a suite of nine variables: precipitation, wet-day frequency, mean temperature, diurnal temperature range, vapor pressure, sunshine, cloud cover, ground frost frequency, and wind speed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Generating surfaces of daily meteorological variables over large regions of complex terrain
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for generating daily surfaces of temperature, precipitation, humidity, and radiation over large regions of complex terrain is presented, based on the spatial convolution of a truncated Gaussian weighting filter with the set of station locations.
Journal ArticleDOI
A knowledge-based approach to the statistical mapping of climate
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