Journal ArticleDOI
Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas.
Robert J. Hijmans,Susan E. Cameron,Susan E. Cameron,Juan L. Parra,Peter G. Jones,Andy Jarvis +5 more
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In this paper, the authors developed interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas (excluding Antarctica) at a spatial resolution of 30 arc s (often referred to as 1-km spatial resolution).Abstract:
We developed interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas (excluding Antarctica) at a spatial resolution of 30 arc s (often referred to as 1-km spatial resolution). The climate elements considered were monthly precipitation and mean, minimum, and maximum temperature. Input data were gathered from a variety of sources and, where possible, were restricted to records from the 1950–2000 period. We used the thin-plate smoothing spline algorithm implemented in the ANUSPLIN package for interpolation, using latitude, longitude, and elevation as independent variables. We quantified uncertainty arising from the input data and the interpolation by mapping weather station density, elevation bias in the weather stations, and elevation variation within grid cells and through data partitioning and cross validation. Elevation bias tended to be negative (stations lower than expected) at high latitudes but positive in the tropics. Uncertainty is highest in mountainous and in poorly sampled areas. Data partitioning showed high uncertainty of the surfaces on isolated islands, e.g. in the Pacific. Aggregating the elevation and climate data to 10 arc min resolution showed an enormous variation within grid cells, illustrating the value of high-resolution surfaces. A comparison with an existing data set at 10 arc min resolution showed overall agreement, but with significant variation in some regions. A comparison with two high-resolution data sets for the United States also identified areas with large local differences, particularly in mountainous areas. Compared to previous global climatologies, ours has the following advantages: the data are at a higher spatial resolution (400 times greater or more); more weather station records were used; improved elevation data were used; and more information about spatial patterns of uncertainty in the data is available. Owing to the overall low density of available climate stations, our surfaces do not capture of all variation that may occur at a resolution of 1 km, particularly of precipitation in mountainous areas. In future work, such variation might be captured through knowledgebased methods and inclusion of additional co-variates, particularly layers obtained through remote sensing. Copyright 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Seasonal drought limits tree species across the Neotropics
Adriane Esquivel-Muelbert,Timothy R. Baker,Kyle G. Dexter,Simon L. Lewis,Simon L. Lewis,Hans ter Steege,Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez,Abel Monteagudo Mendoza,Roel J. W. Brienen,Ted R. Feldpausch,Nigel C. A. Pitman,Alfonso Alonso,Geertje M. F. van der Heijden,Marielos Peña-Claros,Manuel Ahuite,Miguel Alexiaides,Esteban Alvarez Dávila,Alejandro Araujo Murakami,Luzmila Arroyo,Milton Aulestia,Henrik Balslev,Jorcely Barroso,René G. A. Boot,Ángela Cano,Victor Chama Moscoso,James A. Comiskey,Fernando Cornejo,Francisco Dallmeier,Douglas C. Daly,Nállarett Dávila,Joost F. Duivenvoorden,Álvaro Javier Duque Montoya,Terry L. Erwin,Anthony Di Fiore,Todd S. Fredericksen,Alfredo F. Fuentes,Roosevelt García-Villacorta,Therany Gonzales,Juan Ernesto Guevara Andino,Eurídice N. Honorio Coronado,Isau Huamantupa-Chuquimaco,Rojas Eliana Maria Jiménez,Timothy J. Killeen,Yadvinder Malhi,Casimiro Mendoza,Hugo Mogollón,Peter M. Jørgensen,Juan Carlos Montero,Bonifacio Mostacedo,William Nauray,David A. Neill,Percy Núñez Vargas,Sonia Palacios,Walter Palacios Cuenca,Nadir Pallqui Camacho,Julie Peacock,Juan Fernando Phillips,Georgia Pickavance,Carlos A. Quesada,Hirma Ramírez-Angulo,Zorayda Restrepo,Carlos Reynel Rodriguez,Marcos Ríos Paredes,Maria Cristina Peñuela-Mora,Rodrigo Sierra,Marcos Silveira,Pablo R. Stevenson,Juliana Stropp,John Terborgh,Milton Tirado,Marisol Toledo,Armando Torres-Lezama,María Natalia Umaña,Ligia E. Urrego,Rodolfo Vásquez Martínez,Luis Valenzuela Gamarra,César I.A. Vela,Emilio Vilanova Torre,Vincent A. Vos,Patricio von Hildebrand,Corine Vriesendorp,Ophelia Wang,Kenneth R. Young,Charles E. Zartman,Oliver L. Phillips +84 more
TL;DR: It is found that the distributions of tree taxa are indeed nested along precipitation gradients in the western Neotropics, and the results suggest that the ‘dry tolerance’ hypothesis has broad applicability in the world's most species-rich forests.
Journal ArticleDOI
Geographical and environmental range expansion through polyploidy in wild potatoes (Solanum section Petota)
Robert J. Hijmans,Robert J. Hijmans,Tatjana Gavrilenko,Sarah Stephenson,John Bamberg,Alberto Salas,David M. Spooner +6 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that polyploidy played an important role in this group of wild potatoes’ environmental differentiation and range expansion.
Journal ArticleDOI
Accelerating shrinkage of Patagonian glaciers from the Little Ice Age (~AD 1870) to 2011
Bethan J. Davies,Neil F. Glasser +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the Little Ice Age (LIA) trimlines and moraines to assess changes in South American glaciers over the last ∼140 years and determined the extent and length of 640 glaciers during the LIA and 626 glaciers (the remainder having entirely disappeared) in 1986, 2001 and 2011.
Journal ArticleDOI
Predicting pre-Columbian anthropogenic soils in Amazonia
Crystal N. H. McMichael,Michael W. Palace,Mark B. Bush,Bobby H. Braswell,Stephen J. Hagen,Eduardo Góes Neves,Miles R. Silman,Eduardo Kazuo Tamanaha,C. Czarnecki +8 more
TL;DR: Model results suggested that the distribution of terra preta was highly predictable based on environmental parameters, and provided targets for future archaeological surveys under the vast forest canopy and highlighted how few of the long-term forest inventory sites in Amazonia are able to capture the effects of historical disturbance.
ReportDOI
West African agriculture and climate change: a comprehensive analysis
TL;DR: The first of three books in IFPRI's climate change in Africa series, West African Agriculture and Climate Change: A Comprehensive Analysis examines the food security threats facing 11 countries that make up West Africa and explores how climate change will increase the efforts needed to achieve sustainable food security throughout the region as mentioned in this paper.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
An improved method of constructing a database of monthly climate observations and associated high-resolution grids
Timothy D. Mitchell,Philip Jones +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a database of monthly climate observations from meteorological stations is constructed and checked for inhomogeneities in the station records using an automated method that refines previous methods by using incomplete and partially overlapping records and by detecting inhomalities with opposite signs in different seasons.
Journal ArticleDOI
A high-resolution data set of surface climate over global land areas
TL;DR: In this paper, the construction of a 10' latitude/longitude data set of mean monthly sur-face climate over global land areas, excluding Antarctica, was described, which includes 8 climate conditions: precipitation, wet-day frequency, temperature, diurnal temperature range, relative humid-ity, sunshine duration, ground frost frequency and windspeed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Representing Twentieth-Century Space–Time Climate Variability. Part I: Development of a 1961–90 Mean Monthly Terrestrial Climatology
Mark New,Mike Hulme,Phil Jones +2 more
TL;DR: In this article, a 0.5° lat × 0. 5° long surface climatology of global land areas, excluding Antarctica, is described, which represents the period 1961-90 and comprises a suite of nine variables: precipitation, wet-day frequency, mean temperature, diurnal temperature range, vapor pressure, sunshine, cloud cover, ground frost frequency, and wind speed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Generating surfaces of daily meteorological variables over large regions of complex terrain
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for generating daily surfaces of temperature, precipitation, humidity, and radiation over large regions of complex terrain is presented, based on the spatial convolution of a truncated Gaussian weighting filter with the set of station locations.
Journal ArticleDOI
A knowledge-based approach to the statistical mapping of climate
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a knowledge-based framework for climate mapping using a statistical regression model known as PRISM (parameter-elevation regressions on independent slopes model).
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