Showing papers on "Photonic crystal published in 2011"
TL;DR: This work shows that by employing accidental degeneracy, dielectric photonic crystals can be designed and fabricated that exhibit Dirac cone dispersion at the centre of the Brillouin zone at a finite frequency and numerically and experimentally demonstrates in the microwave regime that these crystals manipulate waves as if they had near-zero refractive indices at and near the Dirac point frequency.
Abstract: A zero-refractive-index metamaterial is one in which waves do not experience any spatial phase change, and such a peculiar material has many interesting wave-manipulating properties. These materials can in principle be realized using man-made composites comprising metallic resonators or chiral inclusions, but metallic components have losses that compromise functionality at high frequencies. It would be highly desirable if we could achieve a zero refractive index using dielectrics alone. Here, we show that by employing accidental degeneracy, dielectric photonic crystals can be designed and fabricated that exhibit Dirac cone dispersion at the centre of the Brillouin zone at a finite frequency. In addition to many interesting properties intrinsic to a Dirac cone dispersion, we can use effective medium theory to relate the photonic crystal to a material with effectively zero permittivity and permeability. We then numerically and experimentally demonstrate in the microwave regime that such dielectric photonic crystals with reasonable dielectric constants manipulate waves as if they had near-zero refractive indices at and near the Dirac point frequency.
806 citations
TL;DR: A metallic-silicon waveguide system in which the optical potential is modulated along the length of the waveguide such that nonreciprocal light propagation is obtained on a silicon photonic chip is designed and fabricated.
Abstract: Optical communications and computing require on-chip nonreciprocal light propagation to isolate and stabilize different chip-scale optical components. We have designed and fabricated a metallic-silicon waveguide system in which the optical potential is modulated along the length of the waveguide such that nonreciprocal light propagation is obtained on a silicon photonic chip. Nonreciprocal light transport and one-way photonic mode conversion are demonstrated at the wavelength of 1.55 micrometers in both simulations and experiments. Our system is compatible with conventional complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor processing, providing a way to chip-scale optical isolators for optical communications and computing.
615 citations
TL;DR: This follow-up work provides systematic analysis and verifications of the deterministic design recipe and further extends the discussion to air-mode cavities.
Abstract: Photonic crystal nanobeam cavities are versatile platforms of interest for optical communications, optomechanics, optofluidics, cavity QED, etc. In a previous work [Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 203102 (2010)], we proposed a deterministic method to achieve ultrahigh Q cavities. This follow-up work provides systematic analysis and verifications of the deterministic design recipe and further extends the discussion to air-mode cavities. We demonstrate designs of dielectric-mode and air-mode cavities with Q > 10⁹, as well as dielectric-mode nanobeam cavities with both ultrahigh-Q (> 10⁷) and ultrahigh on-resonance transmissions (T > 95%).
414 citations
TL;DR: The measured thermal conductivity of a series of single crystalline silicon PnCs is much smaller than that predicted by only accounting for boundary scattering at the interfaces of the PnC lattice, indicating that coherent phononic effects are causing an additional reduction to the cross plane thermal Conductivity.
Abstract: Phononic crystals (PnCs) are the acoustic wave equivalent of photonic crystals, where a periodic array of scattering inclusions located in a homogeneous host material causes certain frequencies to be completely reflected by the structure. In conjunction with creating a phononic band gap, anomalous dispersion accompanied by a large reduction in phonon group velocities can lead to a massive reduction in silicon thermal conductivity. We measured the cross plane thermal conductivity of a series of single crystalline silicon PnCs using time domain thermoreflectance. The measured values are over an order of magnitude lower than those obtained for bulk Si (from 148 W m(-1) K(-1) to as low as 6.8 W m(-1) K(-1)). The measured thermal conductivity is much smaller than that predicted by only accounting for boundary scattering at the interfaces of the PnC lattice, indicating that coherent phononic effects are causing an additional reduction to the cross plane thermal conductivity.
397 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate continuous-wave lasing from a quantum dot photonic crystal nanocavity at temperatures of up to 150 K. The achieved lasing thresholds of 181 nA and 287 nA are record-low for any type of electrically pumped laser.
Abstract: Researchers demonstrate continuous-wave lasing from a quantum dot photonic crystal nanocavity at temperatures of up to 150 K. The achieved lasing thresholds of 181 nA (at 50 K) and 287 nA (at 150 K) are record-lows for any type of electrically pumped laser.
390 citations
TL;DR: The fabrication of a seven-cell-core and three-ring-cladding large-pitch Kagome-lattice hollow-core photonic crystal fiber with a hypocycloid-shaped core structure with potential for a number of applications in which the combination of a large optical bandwidth and a low loss is a prerequisite.
Abstract: We report on the fabrication of a seven-cell-core and three-ring-cladding large-pitch Kagome-lattice hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF) with a hypocycloid-shaped core structure. We demonstrate experimentally and theoretically that the design of this core shape enhances the coupling inhibition between the core and cladding modes and offers optical attenuation with a baseline of ∼180 dB/km over a transmission bandwidth larger than 200 THz. This loss figure rivals the state-of-the-art photonic bandgap HC-PCF while offering an approximately three times larger bandwidth and larger mode areas. Also, it beats the conventional circular-core-shaped Kagome HC-PCF in terms of the loss. The development of this novel (to our knowledge) HC-PCF has potential for a number of applications in which the combination of a large optical bandwidth and a low loss is a prerequisite.
390 citations
01 May 2011
TL;DR: This work demonstrates the first temperature driven mechanically reconfigurable photonic metamaterials (RPMs) providing tunability at optical frequencies.
Abstract: We demonstrate the first temperature driven mechanically reconfigurable photonic metamaterials (RPMs) providing tunability at optical frequencies.
367 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review both theoretical and experimental advances in the recently emerged physics of modulated photonic lattices, and show that the light propagation in periodic photonic structures resembles the motion of electrons in a crystalline lattice of semiconductor materials.
Abstract: We review both theoretical and experimental advances in the recently emerged physics of modulated photonic lattices. Artificial periodic dielectric media, such as photonic crystals and photonic lattices, provide a powerful tool for the control of the fundamental properties of light propagation in photonic structures. Photonic lattices are arrays of coupled optical waveguides, where the light propagation becomes effectively discretized. Such photonic structures allow one to study many useful optical analogies with other fields, such as the physics of solid state and electron theory. In particular, the light propagation in periodic photonic structures resembles the motion of electrons in a crystalline lattice of semiconductor materials. The discretized nature of light propagation gives rise to many new phenomena which are not possible in homogeneous bulk media, such as discrete diffraction and diffraction management, discrete and gap solitons, and discrete surface waves. Recently, it was discovered that applying periodic modulation to a photonic lattice by varying its geometry or refractive index is very much similar to applying a bias to control the motion of electrons in a crystalline lattice. An interplay between periodicity and modulation in photonic lattices opens up unique opportunities for tailoring diffraction and dispersion properties of light as well as controlling nonlinear interactions.
345 citations
TL;DR: This talk will introduce arrays of optomechanical cells, and discuss the first theoretical results on the nonlinear dynamics of such a setup, using a mean-field approach based on the Lindblad master equation, as well as semiclassical Langevin equations.
Abstract: Optomechanical systems couple light stored inside an optical cavity to the motion of a mechanical mode. Recent experiments have demonstrated setups, such as photonic crystal structures, that in principle allow one to confine several optical and vibrational modes on a single chip. Here we start to investigate the collective nonlinear dynamics in arrays of coupled optomechanical cells. We show that such ``optomechanical arrays'' can display synchronization, and that they can be described by an effective Kuramoto-type model.
295 citations
TL;DR: A review of the field of Whispering Gallery Modes (WGMs) can be found in this article, where the authors present a review of WGM resonators, which exist in several geometrical structures like cylindrical optical fibers, microspheres, microfiber coils, microdisks, microtoroids, photonic crystal cavities, etc.
Abstract: Confinement of light into small volumes has become an essential requirement for photonic devices; examples of this trend are provided by optical fibers, integrated optical circuits, semiconductor lasers, and photonic crystals. Optical dielectric resonators supporting Whispering Gallery Modes (WGMs) represent another class of cavity devices with exceptional properties, like extremely small mode volume, very high power density, and very narrow spectral linewidth. WGMs are now known since more than 100 years, after the papers published by John William Strutt (Lord Rayleigh), but their importance as unique tools to study nonlinear optical phenomena or quantum electrodynamics, and for application to very low-threshold microlasers as well as very sensitive microsensors, has been recognized only in recent years. This paper presents a review of the field of WGM resonators, which exist in several geometrical structures like cylindrical optical fibers, microspheres, microfiber coils, microdisks, microtoroids, photonic crystal cavities, etc. up to the most exotic structures, such as bottle and bubble microresonators. For the sake of simplicity, the fundaments of WGM propagation and most of the applications will be described only with reference to the most common structure, i.e. microspherical resonators.
294 citations
TL;DR: 3D-photonic crystal design was utilized to enhance incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) of WO(3) photoanodes with inverse opal structure and can provide a potential and promising approach to effectively utilize solar energy in visible-light-responsive photoanode.
Abstract: In this study, 3D-photonic crystal design was utilized to enhance incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) of WO3 photoanodes. Large-area and high-quality WO3 photonic crystal photoanodes with inverse opal structure were prepared. The photonic stop-bands of these WO3 photoanodes were tuned experimentally by variation of the pore size of inverse opal structures. It was found that when the red-edge of the photonic stop-band of WO3 inverse opals overlapped with the WO3 electronic absorption edge at Eg = 2.6–2.8 eV, a maximum of 100% increase in photocurrent intensity was observed under visible light irradiation (λ > 400 nm) in comparison with a disordered porous WO3 photoanode. When the red-edge of the stop-band was tuned well within the electronic absorption range of WO3, noticeable but less amplitude of enhancement in the photocurrent intensity was observed. It was further shown that the spectral region with a selective IPCE enhancement of the WO3 inverse opals exhibited a blue-shift in wav...
TL;DR: A technique for patterning multiple chemical functionalities throughout the inner surfaces of three-dimensional (3D) porous structures using a highly ordered 3D photonic crystal as a regionally functionalized porous carrier to generate complex wettability patterns.
Abstract: Much of modern technology—from data encryption to environmental sensors to templates for device fabrication—relies on encoding complex chemical information in a single material platform. Here we develop a technique for patterning multiple chemical functionalities throughout the inner surfaces of three-dimensional (3D) porous structures. Using a highly ordered 3D photonic crystal as a regionally functionalized porous carrier, we generate complex wettability patterns. Immersion of the sample in a particular fluid induces its localized infiltration and disappearance of the bright color in a unique spatial pattern dictated by the surface chemistry. We use this platform to illustrate multilevel message encryption, with selective decoding by specific solvents. Due to the highly symmetric geometry of inverse opal photonic crystals used as carriers, a remarkable selectivity of wetting is observed over a very broad range of fluids’ surface tensions. These properties, combined with the easily detectable optical res...
TL;DR: The results, which are supported by fully vectorial calculations, confirm the potential of photonic nanowires for a nearly perfect, broadband SE control.
Abstract: We experimentally investigate the spontaneous emission (SE) rates of single InAs quantum dots embedded in GaAs photonic nanowires. For a diameter leading to the optimal confinement of the fundamental guided mode HE11, the coupling to HE11 dominates the SE process and an increase of the SE rate by a factor of 1.5 is achieved. When the diameter is decreased, the coupling to this mode vanishes rapidly, thus allowing the coupling to the other radiation modes to be probed. In these conditions, a SE inhibition factor of 16, equivalent to the one obtained in state-of-the-art photonic crystals, is measured. These results, which are supported by fully vectorial calculations, confirm the potential of photonic nanowires for a nearly perfect, broadband SE control.
TL;DR: In this paper, a III/V layer is bonded to a fully processed silicon-on-insulator wafer, and a complete high-speed optical interconnect can be realized on-chip.
Abstract: In this paper, we review the hybrid silicon photonic integration platform and its use for optical links. In this platform, a III/V layer is bonded to a fully processed silicon-on-insulator wafer. By changing the bandgap of the III/V quantum wells (QW), low-threshold-current lasers, high-speed modulators, and photodetectors can be fabricated operating at wavelengths of 1.55 μm. With a QW intermixing technology, these components can be integrated with each other and a complete high-speed optical interconnect can be realized on-chip. The hybrid silicon bonding and process technology are fully compatible with CMOS-processed wafers because high-temperature steps and contamination are avoided. Full wafer bonding is possible, allowing for low-cost and large-volume device fabrication.
TL;DR: It is shown, by means of computer modeling, that colloidal particles can self-assemble into stable, 3D, periodic structures in blue phase LCs, and the colloidal particle configuration is determined by the orientational order of the LC molecules.
Abstract: Applications for photonic crystals and metamaterials put stringent requirements on the characteristics of advanced optical materials, demanding tunability, high Q factors, applicability in visible range, and large-scale self-assembly. Exploiting the interplay between structural and optical properties, colloidal lattices embedded in liquid crystals (LCs) are promising candidates for such materials. Recently, stable two-dimensional colloidal configurations were demonstrated in nematic LCs. However, the question as to whether stable 3D colloidal structures can exist in an LC had remained unanswered. We show, by means of computer modeling, that colloidal particles can self-assemble into stable, 3D, periodic structures in blue phase LCs. The assembly is based on blue phases providing a 3D template of trapping sites for colloidal particles. The particle configuration is determined by the orientational order of the LC molecules: Specifically, face-centered cubic colloidal crystals form in type-I blue phases, whereas body-centered crystals form in type-II blue phases. For typical particle diameters (approximately 100 nm) the effective binding energy can reach up to a few 100 kBT, implying robustness against mechanical stress and temperature fluctuations. Moreover, the colloidal particles substantially increase the thermal stability range of the blue phases, for a factor of two and more. The LC-supported colloidal structure is one or two orders of magnitude stronger bound than, e.g., water-based colloidal crystals.
TL;DR: In this article, a high-precision optical biosensor technique capable of independently determining the refractive index (RI) of liquids is presented, using photonic crystal surface waves (PC SWs) to detect surface binding events, while an independent registration of the critical angle was used for accurate determination of the liquid RI.
Abstract: A high-precision optical biosensor technique capable of independently determining the refractive index (RI) of liquids is presented. Photonic crystal surface waves (PC SWs) were used to detect surface binding events, while an independent registration of the critical angle was used for accurate determination of the liquid RI. This technique was tested using binding of biotin molecules to a streptavidin monolayer at various biotin concentrations. The attained baseline noise is 2×10−13 m/Hz1/2 for adlayer thickness changes and 8×10−8 RIU/Hz1/2 for RI changes.
TL;DR: In this paper, the optical guidance properties of hollow-core photonic crystal fibers are reviewed and modal properties of these fibers and the transmission loss mechanisms in photonic bandgap and inhibited coupling guidance are assessed.
Abstract: We review the optical guidance properties of hollow-core photonic crystal fibers. We follow a historical perspective to introduce the two major optical guidance mechanisms that were identified as operating in these fibers: photonic bandgap guidance and inhibited coupling guidance. We then review the modal properties of these fibers and assess the transmission loss mechanisms in photonic bandgap guiding hollow-core photonic crystal fiber. We dedicate a section to a review of the technical basics of hollow-core photonic crystal fiber fabrication and photonic microcell assembly. We review some of the early results on the use of hollow-core photonic crystal fiber for laser guiding micro-sized particles, as well as the generation of stimulated Raman scattering, electromagnetically induced transparency and laser frequency stabilization when the fiber core is filled with a gas-phase material. We conclude this review with a non-exhaustive list of prospects where hollow-core photonic crystal fiber could play a cen...
TL;DR: The detection of dissolved avidin concentrations as low as 15 nM or 1 μg/ml is demonstrated using functionalized slotted photonic crystal cavities with integrated microfluidics with high sensitivity over an extremely small area.
TL;DR: This work has developed the first high-diffraction-efficiency two-dimensional (2-D) photonic crystals for molecular recognition and chemical sensing applications and prepared close-packed 2-D polystyrene particle arrays by self-assembly of spreading particle monolayers on mercury surfaces.
Abstract: We have developed the first high-diffraction-efficiency two-dimensional (2-D) photonic crystals for molecular recognition and chemical sensing applications. We prepared close-packed 2-D polystyrene particle arrays by self-assembly of spreading particle monolayers on mercury surfaces. The 2-D particle arrays amazingly diffract 80% of the incident light. When a 2-D array was transferred onto a hydrogel thin film showing a hydrogel volume change in response to a specific analyte, the array spacing was altered, shifting the 2-D array diffraction wavelength. These 2-D array photonic crystals exhibit ultrahigh diffraction efficiencies that enable them to be used for visual determination of analyte concentrations.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarize progress in the development and application of metamaterial structures utilizing superconducting elements and discuss novel applications enabled by the superconductivity of superconductors.
Abstract: We summarize progress in the development and application of metamaterial structures utilizing superconducting elements. After a brief review of the salient features of superconductivity, the advantages of superconducting metamaterials over their normal metal counterparts are discussed. We then present the unique electromagnetic properties of superconductors and discuss their use in both proposed and demonstrated metamaterial structures. Finally we discuss novel applications enabled by superconducting metamaterials, and then mention a few possible directions for future research.
TL;DR: In this article, the first laser was constructed by coupling a cavity mode exhibiting the highest quality factor yet achieved (∼38,500) with quantum dots, achieving the first lasing oscillation in a three-dimensional photonic crystal nanocavity.
Abstract: Photonic crystals1,2 have been extensively used in the control and manipulation of photons in engineered electromagnetic environments provided by means of photonic bandgap effects. These effects are key to realizing future optoelectronic devices, including highly efficient lasers. To date, lasers based on photonic crystal cavities have been exclusively demonstrated in two-dimensional photonic crystal geometries3,4,5,6. However, full confinement of photons and control of their interaction with materials can only be achieved with the use of three-dimensional photonic crystals with complete photonic bandgaps7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16. We demonstrate, for the first time, the realization of lasing oscillation in a three-dimensional photonic crystal nanocavity. The laser is constructed by coupling a cavity mode exhibiting the highest quality factor yet achieved (∼38,500) with quantum dots. This achievement provides means for exploring the physics of light–matter interactions in a nanocavity–single quantum dot coupling system in which both photons and electrons are confined in three dimensions, as well as for realizing three-dimensional integrated photonic circuits. Researchers demonstrate the first laser confined in all three spatial dimensions by a three-dimensional photonic crystal. The device, in this case driven by quantum dots, represents the long-standing goal of achieving lasing in a cavity formed entirely by a complete-photonic-bandgap medium.
TL;DR: The spectral broadening of ~1 μJ 30 fs pulses propagating in an Ar-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber results in efficient emission of dispersive waves in the deep-UV region.
Abstract: We report on the spectral broadening of ~1 μJ 30 fs pulses propagating in an Ar-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber. In contrast with supercontinuum generation in a solid-core photonic crystal fiber, the absence of Raman and unique pressure-controlled dispersion results in efficient emission of dispersive waves in the deep-UV region. The UV light emerges in the single-lobed fundamental mode and is tunable from 200 to 320 nm by varying the pulse energy and gas pressure. The setup is extremely simple, involving <1 m of a gas-filled photonic crystal fiber, and the UV signal is stable and bright, with experimental IR to deep-UV conversion efficiencies as high as 8%. The source is of immediate interest in applications demanding high spatial coherence, such as laser lithography or confocal microscopy.
TL;DR: A 300 μm long silicon photonic crystal (PC) slot waveguide device for on-chip near-infrared absorption spectroscopy, based on the Beer-Lambert law for the detection of methane gas is demonstrated.
Abstract: We demonstrate a 300 μm long silicon photonic crystal (PC) slot waveguide device for on-chip near-infrared absorption spectroscopy, based on the Beer–Lambert law for the detection of methane gas. The device combines slow light in a PC waveguide with high electric field intensity in a low-index 90 nm wide slot, which effectively increases the optical absorption path length. A methane concentration of 100 ppm (parts per million) in nitrogen was measured.
TL;DR: This review highlights work from the last 2-3 years in the areas of grating-coupled, interferometric, photonic crystal, and microresonator waveguide sensors, with particular emphasis on demonstrations of biosensing using these technologies within microfluidically controlled environments.
Abstract: By leveraging advances in semiconductor microfabrication technologies, chip-integrated optical biosensors are poised to make an impact as scalable and multiplexable bioanalytical measurement tools for lab-on-a-chip applications. In particular, waveguide-based optical sensing technology appears to be exceptionally amenable to chip integration and miniaturization, and, as a result, the recent literature is replete with examples of chip-integrated waveguide sensing platforms developed to address a wide range of contemporary analytical challenges. As an overview of the most recent advances within this dynamic field, this review highlights work from the last 2–3 years in the areas of grating-coupled, interferometric, photonic crystal, and microresonator waveguide sensors. With a focus towards device integration, particular emphasis is placed on demonstrations of biosensing using these technologies within microfluidically controlled environments. In addition, examples of multiplexed detection and sensing within complex matrices—important features for real-world applicability—are given special attention.
TL;DR: It is shown that if the solvent is removed in the presence of an electric field, the particles self-assemble into a novel, dense crystalline packing hundreds of particles thick, higher than the densest known packings of spheres and ellipsoids.
Abstract: We describe the self-assembly of nonspherical particles into crystals with novel structure and optical properties combining a partial photonic band gap with birefringence that can be modulated by an external field or quenched by solvent evaporation. Specifically, we study symmetric optical-scale polymer dumbbells with an aspect ratio of 1.58. Hard particles with this geometry have been predicted to crystallize in equilibrium at high concentrations. However, unlike spherical particles, which readily crystallize in the bulk, previous experiments have shown that these dumbbells crystallize only under strong confinement. Here, we demonstrate the use of an external electric field to align and assemble the dumbbells to make a birefringent suspension with structural color. When the electric field is turned off, the dumbbells rapidly lose their orientational order and the color and birefringence quickly go away. In this way, dumbbells combine the structural color of photonic crystals with the field addressability of liquid crystals. In addition, we find that if the solvent is removed in the presence of an electric field, the particles self-assemble into a novel, dense crystalline packing hundreds of particles thick. Analysis of the crystal structure indicates that the dumbbells have a packing fraction of 0.7862, higher than the densest known packings of spheres and ellipsoids. We perform numerical experiments to more generally demonstrate the importance of controlling the orientation of anisotropic particles during a concentration quench to achieve long-range order.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate and observe experimentally the optomechanical properties of a conventional two-dimensional suspended photonic crystal defect cavity with a mode volume of similar to 3(lambda/n)(3).
Abstract: Periodically structured materials can sustain both optical and mechanical modes. Here we investigate and observe experimentally the optomechanical properties of a conventional two-dimensional suspended photonic crystal defect cavity with a mode volume of similar to 3(lambda/n)(3). Two families of mechanical modes are observed: flexural modes, associated to the motion of the whole suspended membrane, and localized modes with frequencies in the GHz regime corresponding to localized phonons in the optical defect cavity of diffraction-limited size. We demonstrate direct measurements of the optomechanical vacuum coupling rate using a frequency calibration technique. The highest measured values exceed 80 kHz, demonstrating high coupling of optical and mechanical modes in such structures.
TL;DR: A fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer was constructed by splicing a short length of photonic crystal fiber to a standard single-mode fiber, which makes it very attractive for high-pressure and high-temperature sensing applications.
Abstract: A fiber-optic Fabry-Perot interferometer was constructed by splicing a short length of photonic crystal fiber to a standard single-mode fiber. The photonic crystal fiber functions as a Fabry-Perot cavity and serves as a direct sensing probe without any additional components. Its pressure and temperature responses in the range of 0-40 MPa and 25°C-700°C were experimentally studied. The proposed sensor is easy to fabricate, potentially low-cost, and compact in size, which makes it very attractive for high-pressure and high-temperature sensing applications.
TL;DR: In this article, a magnetic field sensor combining photonic crystal fiber and optofluidics was presented. But they used a single platform by infiltrating a small amount of Fe3O4 magnetic optorluid/nanofluide in cladding holes of polarization-maintaining photonic fiber.
Abstract: We report a magnetic field sensor having advantages of both photonic crystal fiber and optofluidics, combining them on a single platform by infiltrating small amount of Fe3O4 magnetic optofluid/nanofluid in cladding holes of polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber We demonstrated that magnetic field of few mT can be easily and very well detected with higher sensitivity of 242 pm/mT The change in the birefringence values has been correlated to the response of nanofluid to applied field
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate dynamic tuning of a photonic-crystal cavity by surface acoustic waves at frequencies exceeding 1.7 GHz, which is claimed to preserve the quality factor and to be an order of magnitude faster than alternative approaches.
Abstract: The authors demonstrate dynamic tuning of a photonic-crystal cavity by surface acoustic waves at frequencies exceeding 1.7 GHz. The tuning is claimed to preserve the quality factor and to be an order of magnitude faster than alternative approaches.
TL;DR: The most relevant and representative achievements demonstrated over the last several years are presented and analyzed and these plasmonic and carbon nanostructures are believed to offer great potential for high-resolution color displays and spectral filtering applications.
Abstract: In addition to colorant-based pigmentation, structure is a major contributor to a material's color. In nature, structural color is often caused by the interaction of light with dielectric structures whose dimensions are on the order of visible-light wavelengths. Different optical interactions including multilayer interference, light scattering, the photonic crystal effect, and combinations thereof give rise to selective transmission or reflection of particular light wavelengths, which leads to the generation of structural color. Recent developments in nanofabrication of plasmonic and carbon nanostructures have opened another efficient way to control light properties at the subwavelength scale, including visible-light wavelength selection, which can produce structural color. In this Concept, the most relevant and representative achievements demonstrated over the last several years are presented and analyzed. These plasmonic and carbon nanostructures are believed to offer great potential for high-resolution color displays and spectral filtering applications.