Humboldt University of Berlin

About: Humboldt University of Berlin is a education organization based out in Berlin, Germany. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Medicine. The organization has 33671 authors who have published 61781 publications receiving 1908102 citations. The organization is also known as: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin & Universitas Humboldtiana Berolinensis.

Animal adaptations for tolerance and exploitation of poisonous sulfide

Abstract: Many aquatic animal species can survive sulfide exposure to some extent through oxidation of the sulfide, which results mainly in thiosulfate. In several species, sulfide oxidation is localized in the mitochondria and is accompanied by ATP synthesis. In addition, blood-based and intracellular compounds can augment sulfide oxidation. The formation of thiosulfate requires oxygen, which results in an increase in oxygen consumption of some species. If not all sulfide is detoxified, cytochrome c oxidase is inhibited. Under these conditions, a sulfide-dependent anaerobic energy metabolism commences.

Bone marrow as a priming site for T-cell responses to blood-borne antigen

Abstract: Although bone marrow is known as a primary lymphoid organ, its potential to serve as a secondary immune organ has hardly been explored. Here we demonstrate that naive, antigen-specific T cells home to bone marrow, where they can be primed. Antigen presentation to T cells in bone marrow is mediated via resident CD11c+ dendritic cells. They are highly efficient in taking up exogenous blood-borne antigen and processing it via major histocompatibility complex class I and class II pathways. T-cell activation correlates with dendritic cell-T cell clustering in bone marrow stroma. Primary CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses generated in bone marrow occur in the absence of secondary lymphoid organs. The responses are not tolerogenic and result in generation of cytotoxic T cells, protective anti-tumor immunity and immunological memory. These findings highlight the uniqueness of bone marrow as an organ important for hemato- and lymphopoiesis and for systemic T cell-mediated immunity.

Cratering History and Lunar Chronology

Abstract: The Moon is exceptional and important because it is the only planetary body besides the Earth for which we have both a detailed stratigraphic history and datable rock samples that can be related to specific geomorphologic units (Fig. 5.1⇓). The Moon has preserved much of its magmatic and impact record of at least the last 4 billion years. While its endogenic history is of great interest for the fundamentals of planetary interiors and surfaces, the Moon has become a calibration plate for the cratering record of the Earth-Moon system, and by extrapolation, of the entire inner solar system if one assumes a heliocentric origin for impactor populations. These populations range from asteroids through long and short period comets to interplanetary dust, and cover a size range from hundreds of kilometers to micrometers. Figure 5.1. Telescopic view of the nearside of the Earth’s Moon with landing sites of the Apollo and Luna missions. This chapter reviews the presently available data sets in support of this paradigmatic assumption, as follows: (1) the phenomenology of lunar impact craters, (2) the terrestrial record of the impact cratering process and the interpretation of terrestrial impactites as far as this “ground truth” is relevant for the interpretation of lunar impact craters and datable lunar impact breccias and melt rocks, (3) the theory and numerical simulation of the cratering process and the characteristics of the Earth-Moon crossing population of impactors (asteroids and comets), (4) the principles of relative age dating of lunar surface units and the general lunar stratigraphy, (5) the stratigraphic significance and ages of lunar samples (impactites and basalts) and, based on this data set, the absolute ages of lunar surface units, (6) the cratering rate of the Moon as a function of time, and (7) the time calibration of this cratering rate based on the …