Humboldt University of Berlin

About: Humboldt University of Berlin is a education organization based out in Berlin, Germany. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Medicine. The organization has 33671 authors who have published 61781 publications receiving 1908102 citations. The organization is also known as: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin & Universitas Humboldtiana Berolinensis.

Basic Number Theory

Abstract: The first goal of algebraic number theory is the generalization of the theorem on the unique representation of natural numbers as products of prime numbers to algebraic numbers. Gauss considered the ring \( \mathbb{Z}\left[ {\sqrt {{ - 1}} } \right] \) of all numbers of the form \( a + \sqrt {{ - 1b}} \) with \( a,\;b \in \mathbb{Z} \) and showed that \( \mathbb{Z}\left[ {\sqrt {{ - 1}} } \right] \) is a ring with unique factorization in prime elements (see §2.1). He introduced these numbers for the development of his theory of biquadratic residues. Another motivation for the study of the arithmetic of algebraic numbers comes from the theory of Tiophantine equations. For example, the quadratic form \( f({x_1},\;{x_2}) = x_1^2 - Dx_2^2 \) with \( D \in \mathbb{Z} \), \( \sqrt {{D\; otin \;\mathbb{Z}}} \) can be written in the form \( \left( {{x_1} - \sqrt {{D{x_2}}} } \right)\left( {{x_1} + \sqrt {{D{x_2}}} } \right) \). Hence the question about the representation of integers by f(a 1, a 2) with \( {a_1},\;{a_2} \in \mathbb{Z} \) can be reformulated as a question of factorization of algebraic numbers of the form \( {a_1} + \sqrt {{D{a_2}}} \). These numbers form a module in the field \( \mathbb{Q}(\sqrt {D} ) \).

The Petri Net Markup Language

Abstract: The Petri Net Markup Language (PNML) is an XML-based interchange format for Petri nets. PNML supports any version of Petri net since new Petri net types can be defined by so-called Petri Net Type Definitions (PNTD).

Luminosity determination in pp collisions at √s = 8 TeV using the ATLAS detector at the LHC

Abstract: The luminosity determination for the ATLAS detector at the LHC during pp collisions at s√= 8 TeV in 2012 is presented. The evaluation of the luminosity scale is performed using several luminometers ...