Showing papers in "Neurobiology of Disease in 2015"

TL;DR: The findings demonstrate that α-syn PFF are sufficient to seed the pathological conversion and propagation of endogenous α- syn to induce a progressive, neurodegenerative model of α- Synucleinopathy in rats.

TL;DR: Advances in sensor technology, development of non-invasive and implantable wireless BMI-systems and their combination with brain stimulation, along with evidence for BMI systems' clinical efficacy suggest that BMI-related strategies will play an increasing role in neurorehabilitation of stroke.

TL;DR: The main regulatory roles of mTOR signalling in the brain are discussed, in particular focusing on autophagy, glucose metabolism and mitochondrial functions, which are key players in age-related cognitive decline such as development of Alzheimer disease.

TL;DR: Motor automaticity associated motor deficits in PD, such as reduced arm swing, decreased stride length, freezing of gait, micrographia and reduced facial expression are reviewed.

TL;DR: Clinical and experimental pieces of evidence that link type-2 diabetes with dementia and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease are reviewed, and underlying mechanisms are discussed.

TL;DR: This study reviews the current literature of in vitro and ex vivo studies on endothelium-mediated mechanisms underlying vascular dysfunction in AD pathogenesis, and presents a comprehensive overview of the complex network of causative relationships.

TL;DR: A significant role is proposed for OS/NS and more specifically, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and other lipid modifications, by triggering microglial activation to elicit a neuroinflammatory state potentiated by diabetes or abnormal dopamine metabolism.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated in vitro and in vivo that activation of the astrocytic ALK5/TGF-β-pathway induces excitatory, but not inhibitory, synaptogenesis that precedes the appearance of seizures.

TL;DR: Results indicate that exocytotic release from the vesicular pool is impaired in both heterozygous and homozygous G2019S KI mice, corroborating previous findings in transgenic models over-expressing mutant LRRK2.

TL;DR: Results suggest that localized brain injury and repair, indicated by increased [(11)C]DPA-713 binding to TSPO, may be linked to history of NFL play and is a promising new tool that can be used in future study design to examine further the relationship between T SPO expression in brain injuryand repair, selective regional brain atrophy, and the potential link to deficits in verbal learning and memory after NFL play.

TL;DR: It is shown that intracerebral injections of preformed synthetic tau fibrils into the hippocampus or frontal cortex of young tau transgenic mice expressing mutant human P301L tau induces tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation around the site of injection, as well as a time-dependent propagation of tau pathology to interconnected brain areas distant from the injection site.

TL;DR: The results suggest that vulnerability of adolescent female rats to long-lasting THC adverse effects might partly reside in disruption of the pivotal role played by the endocannabinoid system in the prefrontal cortex maturation.

TL;DR: It is indicated that AIE induces long-lasting effects on histone modifications and deficits in synaptic events in the amygdala, which are associated with anxiety-like and alcohol drinking behaviors in adulthood.

TL;DR: It is shown that fibroblasts in the fibrotic scar are associated with hematogenous macrophages rather than microglia, which are limited to the surrounding astroglial scar, and macrophage depletion results in changes in multiple cytokines that make the injury site less fib Rotic and more conducive to axonal growth.

TL;DR: The pathological consequences of S-nitrosylated parkin, myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) under neurodegenerative conditions are discussed.

TL;DR: The novel finding that pathophysiological concentrations of IL-1β decreased the I(GABA) amplitude in specimens from patients with TLE with or without HS, but not in control tissues is reported, suggesting that this cytokine contributes to seizure generation in human TLE by reducing GABA-mediated neurotransmission.

TL;DR: Potential alterations in BDNF signaling in the corticohippocampal circuit in schizophrenia, and within the striatum in mood disorders, are highlighted and novel therapies aimed at improving BDNF-TrkB signaling may have potential to impact on a range of psychiatric disorders.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that even in neurons that routinely handle dopamine, increased uptake of this neurotransmitter through the dopamine transporter results in oxidative damage, neuronal loss and l-DOPA reversible motor deficits.

TL;DR: These findings provide first in vivo evidence for an association between peripheral and central immune responses in premanifest HD gene carriers, and provide further supporting evidence for the role of immune dysfunction in the pathogenesis of HD.

TL;DR: Six novel conformation-specific monoclonal antibodies that recognize specifically α-syn aggregates but not the soluble, monomeric form of the protein are described here and represent useful tools for research, biomarkers development, diagnosis and even immunotherapy for PD and related pathologies.

TL;DR: It is hypothesized that iron misregulation and beta-amyloid plaque pathology are synergistic in the process of neurodegeneration and ultimately cause a downward cascade of events that spiral into the manifestation of Alzheimer's disease.

TL;DR: A direct cause-and-effect correlation between oxidative stress and altered amyloid-β production is demonstrated, and the product of lipid peroxidation 4-hydroxynonenal, binds to both nicastrin and BACE, differentially affecting β-secretase activity, respectively.

TL;DR: The neuroprotective effects of increasing GCase against dopaminergic neuron degeneration are demonstrated, for the first time, and support the development of therapeutics targeting GCase or other lysosomal genes to improve neuronal handling of α-synuclein.

TL;DR: It is suggested that BBB breach occurs before significant immune cell infiltration and demyelination in multiple sclerosis patients, and peripheral immune activation during sRR-EAE precedes CNS pathology, suggesting that outside in signaling mechanisms play a role in the development of neuroinflammatory lesions.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship between histone acetylation and ubiquitin levels in an in vitro model of SK-N-SH cells treated with the proteasome inhibitor Mg132 and the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid.

TL;DR: The established roles of vitamin E in protecting cerebellar functions, as well as emerging data demonstrating the critical roles of alpha-tocopherol in preserving learning, memory and emotive responses are reviewed.

TL;DR: Test the potential utility of activating the DLK pathway as a method to improve axon regeneration in response to a subsequent injury in a process akin to preconditioning and finds that pharmacological agents designed to disrupt either the actin or microtubule cytoskeleton activate theDLK pathway.

TL;DR: Findings indicate that mPFC is a critical mediator of the behavioral actions of scopolamine and identify the M1-AChR as a therapeutic target for the development of novel and selective rapid-acting antidepressants.

TL;DR: The data indicate that stem cell niches are more extensive than once believed and exist at multiple sites along the entire ventricular system, consistent with the potential for widespread neurogenesis and gliogenesis in the adult brain, particularly after injury.

TL;DR: The possibility that mitochondrial depolarization and oxidative damage may have distinct pathways associated with Parkin function in neurons, which may be critical in understanding the role of Parkin in neurodegeneration is suggested.