Journal ArticleDOI
‘Breathing’ of the terrestrial biosphere: lessons learned from a global network of carbon dioxide flux measurement systems
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TLDR
Key findings reported include: ecosystems with the greatest net carbon uptake have the longest growing season, not the greatest FA; many old-growth forests act as carbon sinks; and year-to-year decreases in FN are attributed to a suite of stresses that decrease FA and FR in tandem.Abstract:
Published eddy covariance measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange between vegetation and the atmosphere from a global network are distilled, synthesised and reviewed according to time scale, climate and plant functional types, disturbance and land use. Other topics discussed include history of the network, errors and issues associated with the eddy covariance method, and a synopsis of how these data are being used by ecosystem and climate modellers and the remote-sensing community. Spatial and temporal differences in net annual exchange, FN, result from imbalances in canopy photosynthesis (FA) and ecosystem respiration (FR), which scale closely with one another on annual time scales. Key findings reported include the following: (1) ecosystems with the greatest net carbon uptake have the longest growing season, not the greatest FA; (2) ecosystems losing carbon were recently disturbed; (3) many old-growth forests act as carbon sinks; and (4) year-to-year decreases in FN are attributed to a suite of stresses that decrease FA and FR in tandem. Short-term flux measurements revealed emergent-scale processes including (1) the enhancement of light use efficiency by diffuse light, (2) dynamic pulses in FR following rain and (3) the acclimation FA and FR to temperature. They also quantify how FA and FR respond to droughts and heat spells.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Carbon dioxide balance of an oil palm plantation established on tropical peat.
Frankie Kiew,Ryuichi Hirata,Takashi Hirano,Wong Guan Xhuan,Edward Baran Aries,Kevin Kemudang,Joseph Wenceslaus,Lo Kim San,Lulie Melling +8 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors have monitored the eddy CO2 flux above an oil palm plantation on peat in Sarawak, Malaysia since 2011 and found that the plantation at 7-10 years of age was a large stable CO2 source with an annual net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) of 994-±-158-g C m−2 yr−1.
Book ChapterDOI
Measuring Carbon in Forests
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the four categories of methods for measuring forest biomass and estimating carbon which are currently in use: (i) forest inventory (biomass); (ii) remote sensing (relationship between biomass and land cover); (iii) eddy covariance (direct measurement of CO2 release and uptake); and (iv) the inverse method (relationships among biomass, CO2 flux and CO2 atmospheric transport).
Journal ArticleDOI
The Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) Captures the Ecohydrologic Sensitivity of a Semiarid Mixed Conifer Forest
Julia C. Yang,Julia C. Yang,Troy S. Magney,Troy S. Magney,Dong Yan,John F. Knowles,John F. Knowles,William K. Smith,Russell L. Scott,Greg A. Barron-Gafford +9 more
TL;DR: In this article, a semi-arid, montane mixed conifer forest in the Madrean sky islands of Arizona, USA during the monsoon growing season subject to precipitation pulse dynamics was characterized.
Journal ArticleDOI
Satellite detection of water stress effects on terrestrial latent heat flux with MODIS shortwave infrared reflectance data.
Yunjun Yao,Shunlin Liang,Bao Cao,Shaomin Liu,Guirui Yu,Kun Jia,Xiaotong Zhang,Yuhu Zhang,Jiquan Chen,Joshua B. Fisher +9 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the MODIS-derived shortwave infrared reflectance metrics (SWIRs) as proxies for the soil and vegetation water supply constraints in a revised Priestley-Taylor algorithm to estimate the terrestrial latent heat flux (LE).
Journal ArticleDOI
Irregular precipitation events in control of seasonal variations in CO2 exchange in a cold desert-shrub ecosystem in northwest China
Jing Xie,Tianshan Zha,Xin Jia,Duo Qian,Bin Wu,Yuqing Zhang,Charles P.-A. Bourque,Jiquan Chen,Ge Sun,Heli Peltola +9 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the influence of irregular precipitation in control of seasonal variations in NEP at multiple timescales using the eddy covariance method, and found that the ecosystem was a weak annual carbon sink.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
The Strategy of Ecosystem Development
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Journal ArticleDOI
Climate Extremes: Observations, Modeling, and Impacts
David R. Easterling,Gerald A. Meehl,Camille Parmesan,Stanley A. Changnon,Thomas R. Karl,Linda O. Mearns +5 more
TL;DR: Results of observational studies suggest that in many areas that have been analyzed, changes in total precipitation are amplified at the tails, and changes in some temperature extremes have been observed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer
TL;DR: In this article, the basic relationships are discussed in the context of vertical transfer in the lower atmosphere, and the required corrections to the measured flux are derived, where the correction to measurements of water vapour flux will often be only a few per cent but will sometimes exceed 10 percent.
Journal ArticleDOI
Aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle
TL;DR: Human activities are releasing tiny particles (aerosols) into the atmosphere that enhance scattering and absorption of solar radiation, which can lead to a weaker hydrological cycle, which connects directly to availability and quality of fresh water, a major environmental issue of the 21st century.
Journal ArticleDOI
Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003
Philippe Ciais,Markus Reichstein,Nicolas Viovy,A. Granier,Jérôme Ogée,Vincent Allard,M. Aubinet,Nina Buchmann,C. Bernhofer,Arnaud Carrara,Frédéric Chevallier,N. de Noblet,Andrew D. Friend,Pierre Friedlingstein,Thomas Grünwald,Bernard Heinesch,Petri Keronen,Alexander Knohl,Gerhard Krinner,Denis Loustau,Giovanni Manca,Giorgio Matteucci,Franco Miglietta,Jean-Marc Ourcival,Dario Papale,Kim Pilegaard,Serge Rambal,G. Seufert,Jean-François Soussana,María José Sanz,Ernst Detlef Schulze,Timo Vesala,Riccardo Valentini +32 more
TL;DR: An increase in future drought events could turn temperate ecosystems into carbon sources, contributing to positive carbon-climate feedbacks already anticipated in the tropics and at high latitudes.
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