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Open AccessJournal Article

Building a Practically Useful Theory of Goal Setting and Task Motivation

Edwin A. Locke, +1 more
- 01 Jan 2002 - 
- Vol. 57, Iss: 9
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TLDR
The authors summarize 35 years of empirical research on goal-setting theory, describing the core findings of the theory, the mechanisms by which goals operate, moderators of goal effects, the relation of goals and satisfaction, and the role of goals as mediators of incentives.
Abstract
University of TorontoThe authors summarize 35 years of empirical research ongoal-setting theory. They describe the core findings of thetheory, the mechanisms by which goals operate, modera-tors of goal effects, the relation of goals and satisfaction,and the role of goals as mediators of incentives. Theexternal validity and practical significance of goal-settingtheory are explained, and new directions in goal-settingresearch are discussed. The relationships of goal setting toother theories are described as are the theory’s limitations.

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Citations
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On the application of motivation theory to human factors/ergonomics: Motivational design principles for human–technology interaction.

TL;DR: A theoretical model of motivation in human–technology interaction is proposed, based on extension of the self-determination theory of motivation to HF/E, and general principles and guidelines for motivational design are described.
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Implementing a theory-driven gamification model in higher education flipped courses: Effects on out-of-class activity completion and quality of artifacts

TL;DR: Evidence supports a call for further research into the use of the GAFCC model in flipped classroom implementation, and crucial aspects of five motivation theories are applied to propose a goal-access-feedback-challenge-collaboration (GAFCC) gamification design model.
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On the value of aiming high: The causes and consequences of ambition.

TL;DR: The thesis that ambition is a middle-level trait-related to but distinct from more distal individual difference variables-that has meaningful effects on career success is supported.
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Elementary school teachers' ICT use in the classroom and their motivators for using ICT

TL;DR: An overall conclusion from the results is that more concrete encouragement, support and opportunities must be developed to increase teachers' motivation to improve the level and quality of ICT use in classrooms.
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Managing White‐Collar Work: An Operations‐Oriented Survey

TL;DR: In this article, a systematic review of disparate streams of research relevant to understanding white-collar work from an operations perspective is presented. But the focus of white-collaborative work is largely focused on traditional blue-collateral work.
References
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Book

Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control

TL;DR: SelfSelf-Efficacy (SE) as discussed by the authors is a well-known concept in human behavior, which is defined as "belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments".
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Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a critique of expected utility theory as a descriptive model of decision making under risk, and develop an alternative model, called prospect theory, in which value is assigned to gains and losses rather than to final assets and in which probabilities are replaced by decision weights.
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Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory

TL;DR: In this paper, models of Human Nature and Casualty are used to model human nature and human health, and a set of self-regulatory mechanisms are proposed. But they do not consider the role of cognitive regulators.