Journal ArticleDOI
Consensus stability testing protocols for organic photovoltaic materials and devices
Matthew O. Reese,Suren A. Gevorgyan,Mikkel Jørgensen,Eva Bundgaard,Sarah Kurtz,David S. Ginley,Dana C. Olson,Matthew T. Lloyd,Pasquale Morvillo,Eugene A. Katz,Andreas Elschner,Olivier Haillant,Travis Currier,Vishal Shrotriya,Martin Hermenau,Moritz Riede,Kiril R. Kirov,Gregor Trimmel,Thomas Rath,Olle Inganäs,Fengling Zhang,Mattias Andersson,Kristofer Tvingstedt,Monica Lira-Cantu,Darin W. Laird,Christine McGuiness,Srinivas (Jimmy) Gowrisanker,Michael Pannone,Min Xiao,Jens Hauch,Roland Steim,Dean M. DeLongchamp,Roland Rösch,Harald Hoppe,Nieves Espinosa,Antonio Urbina,Gülsah Yaman-Uzunoglu,Jörg-Bernd Bonekamp,Albert J.J.M. van Breemen,Claudio Girotto,Eszter Voroshazi,Frederik C. Krebs +41 more
TLDR
Procedures for testing organic solar cell devices and modules with respect to stability and operational lifetime are described and generally agreed test conditions and practices are generally agreed to allow ready comparison between laboratories and to help improving the reliability of reported values.About:
This article is published in Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells.The article was published on 2011-05-01. It has received 805 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Protocol (science).read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Investigating Thermoelectric Stability under Encapsulation Using PEI-Doped CNT Films as a Model System
Fatma Abdallah,Laura Ciammaruchi,Alex Jiménez‐Arguijo,El-Shazly M. Duraia,Hossam. S. Ragab,Bernhard Dörling,Mariano Campoy-Quiles +6 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness through the “Severo Ochoa” Program for Centers of Excellence in RD from CSIC through project 201560I032; and from the European Research Council (ERC) under grant agreement no. 648901.
Journal ArticleDOI
Flexible inverted polymer solar cells fabricated in air at low temperatures
Takayuki Kuwabara,Xiaofan Wang,Takuji Kusumi,Takahiro Yamaguchi,Tetsuya Taima,Kohshin Takahashi +5 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of modified indium tin oxide (ITO) materials, including sol-gel zinc-oxide-coated ITO/ZnO, ZnO nanoparticle-coating ITO, and 1,4-bis(3-aminopropyl)piperazine (BAP)-modified ITO were used for electron collection electrodes in inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs).
Encapsulations for Organic Devices and their Evaluation using Calcium Corrosion Tests
Abstract: This work investigates the encapsulation of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic solar cells (OSCs) in order to extend their lifetimes. Despite the unquestioned benefits of those devices, such as low material consumption and flexibility, their short lifetime span in ambient atmosphere is a clear disadvantage. For protection purposes, the devices are required to be encapsulated with permeation barriers. An appropriate barrier must have a water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) below 10−4 g(H2O) ·m−2 ·d−1 – less than a monolayer of water permeating through the barrier per day. To design such barriers, a highly sensitive method for their evaluation is the primary requirement. Fundamental research and setup development is thus performed in this work in order to improve the electrical calcium test to a sufficient level of sensitivity, reliability, and measurement capacity. The electrical calcium test uses a thin film of this ignoble metal and determines the amount of incoming water based on the decrease in its electrical conductance. In order to obtain highly precise results, this work identifies the reaction product (calcium hydroxide) and electrical resistivity of evaporated calcium films ((6.2± 0.1) · 10−6 Ω · cm). In contrast to a common assumption for the evaluation of calcium tests, the films are found to corrode laterally inhomogeneous. However, it is shown theoretically and experimentally that this inhomogeneity does not distort the WVTR-measurement. Besides these fundamental investigations, calcium test design problems – as well as their solutions – are shown, such as the damaging of an inorganic barrier film by an adjacent calcium sensor. As a result, a powerful and reliable measurement setup has been created. Subsequently, an investigation of a variety of barriers is presented, based on calcium tests, but also on device encapsulation and electroplating into defects: Permeation through evaporated aluminum thin films is found to occur mainly through macroscopic defects (radii > 0.4 μm) characterizable by optical inspection. Barriers made via atomic layer deposition (ALD) show improved performance with increasing layer thickness. Using ALD on foils provides excellent but, thus far, unreliable barriers. Permeation through bare polymer foils as well as sputtered zinc tin oxide (ZTO) increases roughly linearly with increasing humidity and the measured WVTRs are highly comparable to reference values. The POLO barrier with a WVTR in the lower 10−4 g(H2O) ·m−2 ·d−1-regime reaches the sensitivity limit of the current calcium test layout. Finally, water is identified as the predominant cause for device degradation, reducing the active area. For one type of both OLEDs and OSCs, the amount of water causing a 50 % loss in active area (T50water-uptake) is quantified via a comparative aging experiment involving calcium tests. For the case of the OSC, this T50-water-uptake of (20±7)mg(H2O) ·m−2 is shown to be independent of climate conditions. As a result, the previously unspecific request for an desired device lifetime can now be translated into a specific requirement for the permeation barrier: a water vapor transmission rate.
Journal ArticleDOI
Influence of material migration on the mechanical integrity of inverted organic solar cells
Aurélien Tournebize,Aurélien Tournebize,Aurélien Tournebize,Dargie Hailu Deribew,Alberto Gregori,Roger C. Hiorns,Andreas Distler,Hans-Joachim Egelhaaf,Christine Lartigau-Dagron,Ahmed Allal,Agnès Rivaton,Agnès Rivaton,Heiko Peisert,Thomas Chassé +13 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify modifications of material distributions in inverted organic solar cell structures during accelerated aging processes that are potentially linked to the loss of the mechanical integrity of the devices.
Journal ArticleDOI
Enhanced performance in bulk heterojunction solar cells with alkylidene fluorene donor by introducing modified PFN-OH/Al bilayer cathode
TL;DR: In this paper, a bulk heterojunction solar cells with benzothiadiazole-containing polyalkylidene fluorene (PAFBToBT) donors made by introducing 2,4,7,9-tetramethyldec-5-yne-4, 7-diol (Surfynol 104)-doped poly[9, 9-bis(6′-(diethanolamino)hexyl)-fluorene] (PFN-OH) as an interfacial layer to enhance power conversion efficiency and stability
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Stability/degradation of polymer solar cells
TL;DR: In this article, the current understanding of stability/degradation in organic and polymer solar cell devices is presented and the methods for studying and elucidating degradation are discussed Methods for enhancing the stability through the choice of better active materials, encapsulation, application of getter materials and UV-filters are also discussed
Journal ArticleDOI
Accurate Measurement and Characterization of Organic Solar Cells
TL;DR: In this article, the spectral properties of organic solar cells under standard reporting conditions were measured using four types of organic test cells and two types of silicon reference cells (unfiltered and with a KG5 color filter).
Proceedings ArticleDOI
Commonly observed degradation in field-aged photovoltaic modules
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors define observed degradation in field-aged photovoltaic modules, including degradation of packaging materials, adhesional loss, degradation of interconnects, degradation due to moisture intrusion, and semiconductor device degradation, and suggest that the onset and progression of degradation need to be studied to gain a more comprehensive understanding of module degradation rates and module failures.
Journal ArticleDOI
A round robin study of flexible large-area roll-to-roll processed polymer solar cell modules
Frederik C. Krebs,Suren A. Gevorgyan,Bobak Gholamkhass,Steven Holdcroft,Cody W. Schlenker,Mark E. Thompson,Barry C. Thompson,Dana C. Olson,David S. Ginley,Sean E. Shaheen,Sean E. Shaheen,Husam N. Alshareef,John W. Murphy,W. Justin Youngblood,Nathan C. Heston,John R. Reynolds,Shijun Jia,Darin W. Laird,Sachetan M. Tuladhar,Justin Dane,Pedro Atienzar,Jenny Nelson,Jan M. Kroon,MM Martijn Wienk,René A. J. Janssen,Kristofer Tvingstedt,Fengling Zhang,Mattias Andersson,Olle Inganäs,Monica Lira-Cantu,Remi de Bettignies,Stéphane Guillerez,Tom Aernouts,David Cheyns,Laurence Lutsen,Birger Zimmermann,Uli Würfel,Michael Niggemann,Hans-Frieder Schleiermacher,Paul Liska,Michael Grätzel,Panagiotis Lianos,Eugene A. Katz,Wolfgang Lohwasser,Bertrand Jannon +44 more
TL;DR: A round robin for the performance of roll-to-roll coated flexible large-area polymer solarcell modules involving 18 different laboratories in Northern America, Europe and Middle East is presented in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Determination of the degradation constant of bulk heterojunction solar cells by accelerated lifetime measurements
TL;DR: In this article, the short circuit current under white light illumination was monitored over time for different temperatures, ranging from 40 °C to 105 °C, and an Arrhenius type dependence of the degradation constant with temperature was observed and an activation energy of ∼350 meV was derived.