Extensive Horizontal Gene Transfer during Staphylococcus aureus Co-colonization In Vivo
Alex J. McCarthy,Anette Loeffler,Adam A. Witney,Katherine A. Gould,David H. Lloyd,Jodi A. Lindsay +5 more
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TLDR
The data show that horizontal gene transfer occurs at very high frequency in vivo and significantly higher than that detectable in vitro, suggesting limited transmission of bacteria between piglets once colonized.Abstract:
Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal and major pathogen of humans and animals. Comparative genomics of S. aureus populations suggests that colonization of different host species is associated with carriage of mobile genetic elements (MGE), particularly bacteriophages and plasmids capable of encoding virulence, resistance, and immune evasion pathways. Antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus of livestock are a potential zoonotic threat to human health if they adapt to colonize humans efficiently. We utilized the technique of experimental evolution and co-colonized gnotobiotic piglets with both human- and pig-associated variants of the lineage clonal complex 398, and investigated growth and genetic changes over 16 days using whole genome sequencing. The human isolate survived co-colonization on piglets more efficiently than in vitro. During co-colonization, transfer of MGE from the pig to the human isolate was detected within 4 h. Extensive and repeated transfer of two bacteriophages and three plasmids resulted in colonization with isolates carrying a wide variety of mobilomes. Whole genome sequencing of progeny bacteria revealed no acquisition of core genome polymorphisms, highlighting the importance of MGE. Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage recombination and integration into novel sites was detected experimentally for the first time. During colonization, clones coexisted and diversified rather than a single variant dominating. Unexpectedly, each piglet carried unique populations of bacterial variants, suggesting limited transmission of bacteria between piglets once colonized. Our data show that horizontal gene transfer occurs at very high frequency in vivo and significantly higher than that detectable in vitro.read more
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Nasal Carriage as a Source of Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia
Gina Pugliese,Martin S. Favero +1 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that molecular typing of coagulase-negative staphylococci from blood cultures does not correlate with clinical criteria for true bacteremia, suggesting either that true bactseremias are frequently the result of multiple strains or that the commonly used clinical criteria are not accurate for distinguishing contamination from true b acteremia.
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Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms in Bacteria: Relationships Between Resistance Determinants of Antibiotic Producers, Environmental Bacteria, and Clinical Pathogens.
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TL;DR: A conceptual framework for understanding the complexity of the problem of emergence of antibiotic resistance in the clinic is provided and the relationships between resistance determinants found in producer soil bacteria, non-producer environmental bacteria, and clinical isolates are explored.
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Antimicrobial drug use in food-producing animals and associated human health risks: what, and how strong, is the evidence?
Karin Hoelzer,Nora M. Wong,Joseph M. Thomas,Kathy Talkington,Elizabeth Jungman,Allan Coukell +5 more
TL;DR: The review clearly demonstrates that there is compelling scientific evidence available to support each step in the causal pathway, from antimicrobial use on farms to a public health burden caused by infections with resistant pathogens.
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Bacterial viruses enable their host to acquire antibiotic resistance genes from neighbouring cells
Jakob Haaber,Jørgen J. Leisner,Marianne Thorup Cohn,Arancha Catalan-Moreno,Jesper Bo Nielsen,Henrik Westh,Henrik Westh,José R. Penadés,Hanne Ingmer +8 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that release of phages from a subpopulation of S. aureus cells enables the intact, prophage-containing population to acquire beneficial genes from competing, phage-susceptible strains present in the same environment.
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