Staphylococcus aureus CC398: Host Adaptation and Emergence of Methicillin Resistance in Livestock
Lance B. Price,Marc Stegger,Henrik Hasman,Maliha Aziz,Jesper Larsen,Paal Skytt Andersen,Talima Pearson,Andrew E. Waters,Jeffrey T. Foster,James M. Schupp,John D. Gillece,Elizabeth M. Driebe,Cindy M. Liu,Cindy M. Liu,Burkhard Springer,Irena Zdovc,Antonio Battisti,Alessia Franco,Jacek Żmudzki,Stefan Schwarz,Patrick Butaye,Eric Jouy,Constança Pomba,M. Concepción Porrero,Raymond Ruimy,Tara C. Smith,D. Ashley Robinson,J. Scott Weese,Carmen Sofia Arriola,Fangyou Yu,Frédéric Laurent,Paul Keim,Paul Keim,Robert Skov,Frank Møller Aarestrup +34 more
TLDR
The results strongly suggest that livestock-associated MRSA CC398 originated in humans as MSSA, which appears to have undergone a rapid radiation in conjunction with the jump from humans to livestock, where it subsequently acquired tetracycline and methicillin resistance.Abstract:
Since its discovery in the early 2000s, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clonal complex 398 (CC398) has become a rapidly emerging cause of human infections, most often associated with livestock exposure. We applied whole-genome sequence typing to characterize a diverse collection of CC398 isolates (n = 89), including MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) from animals and humans spanning 19 countries and four continents. We identified 4,238 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among the 89 core genomes. Minimal homoplasy (consistency index = 0.9591) was detected among parsimony-informative SNPs, allowing for the generation of a highly accurate phylogenetic reconstruction of the CC398 clonal lineage. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that MSSA from humans formed the most ancestral clades. The most derived lineages were composed predominantly of livestock-associated MRSA possessing three different staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (SCCmec) types (IV, V, and VII-like) including nine subtypes. The human-associated isolates from the basal clades carried phages encoding human innate immune modulators that were largely missing among the livestock-associated isolates. Our results strongly suggest that livestock-associated MRSA CC398 originated in humans as MSSA. The lineage appears to have undergone a rapid radiation in conjunction with the jump from humans to livestock, where it subsequently acquired tetracycline and methicillin resistance. Further analyses are required to estimate the number of independent genetic events leading to the methicillin-resistant sublineages, but the diversity of SCCmec subtypes is suggestive of strong and diverse antimicrobial selection associated with food animal production. IMPORTANCE Modern food animal production is characterized by densely concentrated animals and routine antibiotic use, which may facilitate the emergence of novel antibiotic-resistant zoonotic pathogens. Our findings strongly support the idea that livestock-associated MRSA CC398 originated as MSSA in humans. The jump of CC398 from humans to livestock was accompanied by the loss of phage-carried human virulence genes, which likely attenuated its zoonotic potential, but it was also accompanied by the acquisition of tetracycline and methicillin resistance. Our findings exemplify a bidirectional zoonotic exchange and underscore the potential public health risks of widespread antibiotic use in food animal production.read more
Citations
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Identification of acquired antimicrobial resistance genes
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Diverse and abundant antibiotic resistance genes in Chinese swine farms.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a framework to combat the threat to human health and biosecurity from antimicrobial resistance, an understanding of its mechanisms and drivers is needed.
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Microbiological effects of sublethal levels of antibiotics
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Alison Holmes,Luke Sp Moore,Martin Steinbakk,Sadie Regmi,Philippe J Guerin,Laura J. V. Piddock +5 more
TL;DR: To combat the threat to human health and biosecurity from antimicrobial resistance, an understanding of its mechanisms and drivers is needed, and broad ranging, multidisciplinary research is needed across these five levels.
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