Functions and Signaling Pathways of Amino Acids in Intestinal Inflammation
Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
Amino acids improve the functions of intestinal barrier and expressions of anti-inflammatory cytokines and tight junction proteins but decrease oxidative stress and the apoptosis of enterocytes as well as the expressions of pro inflammatory cytokines in the intestinal inflammation.Abstract:
Intestine is always exposed to external environment and intestinal microorganism; thus it is more sensitive to dysfunction and dysbiosis, leading to intestinal inflammation, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and diarrhea. An increasing number of studies indicate that dietary amino acids play significant roles in preventing and treating intestinal inflammation. The review aims to summarize the functions and signaling mechanisms of amino acids in intestinal inflammation. Amino acids, including essential amino acids (EAAs), conditionally essential amino acids (CEAAs), and nonessential amino acids (NEAAs), improve the functions of intestinal barrier and expressions of anti-inflammatory cytokines and tight junction proteins but decrease oxidative stress and the apoptosis of enterocytes as well as the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines in the intestinal inflammation. The functions of amino acids are associated with various signaling pathways, including mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2), general controlled nonrepressed kinase 2 (GCN2), and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Specific ACE2 expression in small intestinal enterocytes may cause gastrointestinal symptoms and injury after 2019-nCoV infection.
TL;DR: It is found that diarrhea accounted for a notable proportion of COVID-19 patients, ranging from 8.0% to 12.9% and ACE2 expression on surface cells of the small intestine may mediate the invasion and amplification of the virus and activation of gastrointestinal inflammation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Betaine in Inflammation: Mechanistic Aspects and Applications.
Guangfu Zhao,Fang He,Chenlu Wu,Pan Li,Nengzhang Li,Jinping Deng,Guoqiang Zhu,Wenkai Ren,Wenkai Ren,Yuanyi Peng +9 more
TL;DR: Mechanistically, betaine ameliorates sulfur amino acid metabolism against oxidative stress, inhibits nuclear factor-κB activity and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, regulates energy metabolism, and mitigates endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Therapeutic blockade of inflammation in severe COVID-19 infection with intravenous N-acetylcysteine.
Homam Ibrahim,Andras Perl,Deane E. Smith,Tyler C Lewis,Zachary Kon,Ronald Goldenberg,Kinan Yarta,Cezar Staniloae,Mathew R. Williams +8 more
TL;DR: A severe case of COVID-19 infection is described in a G6PD-deficient patient treated with hydroxychloroquine who benefited from intravenous NAC beyond reversal of hemolysis and may involve the blockade of viral infection and the ensuing cytokine storm that warrant follow-up confirmatory studies in the setting controlled clinical trials.
Journal ArticleDOI
Characterization of Autoinducer-3 Structure and Biosynthesis in E. coli.
Chung Sub Kim,Alexandra Gatsios,Santiago Cuesta,Yick Chong Lam,Zheng Wei,Haiwei Chen,Regan M. Russell,Emilee E. Shine,Rurun Wang,Thomas P. Wyche,Grazia Piizzi,Richard A. Flavell,Noah W. Palm,Vanessa Sperandio,Jason M. Crawford +14 more
TL;DR: The structure and biosynthesis of autoinducer-3 (AI-3), a metabolite of previously unknown structure involved in the pathogenesis of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), are defined and it is shown that the metabolites exert diverse immunological effects on primary human tissues.
Journal ArticleDOI
New insights in intestinal oxidative stress damage and the health intervention effects of nutrients: A review
TL;DR: This review summarized the recent research progress on the insights of the causes, mechanisms of intestinal oxidative stress and the health intervention effects of nutrients and given the prospects that the new discovered nutrients with health benefits might be developed as novel functional foods or possible nutraceutical agents.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Amino acids: metabolism, functions, and nutrition
TL;DR: Dietary supplementation with one or a mixture of these functional AA, which include arginine, cysteine, glutamine, leucine, proline, and tryptophan, may be beneficial for ameliorating health problems at various stages of the life cycle and optimizing efficiency of metabolic transformations to enhance muscle growth, milk production, egg and meat quality and athletic performance.
Journal ArticleDOI
Loss of the autophagy protein Atg16L1 enhances endotoxin-induced IL-1beta production.
Tatsuya Saitoh,Naonobu Fujita,Myoung Ho Jang,Satoshi Uematsu,Bo-Gie Yang,Takashi Satoh,Hiroko Omori,Takeshi Noda,Naoki Yamamoto,Masaaki Komatsu,Masaaki Komatsu,Masaaki Komatsu,Keiji Tanaka,Taro Kawai,Tohru Tsujimura,Osamu Takeuchi,Tamotsu Yoshimori,Shizuo Akira +17 more
TL;DR: It is shown that Atg16L1 (autophagy-related 16-like 1), which is implicated in Crohn's disease, regulates endotoxin-induced inflammasome activation in mice and is an essential component of the autophagic machinery responsible for control of the endot toxin-induced inflammatory immune response.
Journal ArticleDOI
Amino acids and immune function
TL;DR: Increasing evidence shows that dietary supplementation of specific amino acids to animals and humans with malnutrition and infectious disease enhances the immune status, thereby reducing morbidity and mortality.
Journal ArticleDOI
The indigenous gastrointestinal microflora
TL;DR: The indigenous gastrointestinal (GI) tract microflora has profound effects on the anatomical, physiological and immunological development of the host and inhibits colonization of the GI tract by overt exogenous pathogens.
Journal ArticleDOI
ACE2 links amino acid malnutrition to microbial ecology and intestinal inflammation
Tatsuo Hashimoto,Thomas Perlot,Ateequr Rehman,Ateequr Rehman,Jean Trichereau,Hiroaki Ishiguro,Magdalena Paolino,Verena Sigl,Toshikatsu Hanada,Reiko Hanada,Simone Lipinski,Birgit Wild,Simone M. R. Camargo,Dustin Singer,Andreas Richter,Keiji Kuba,Akiyoshi Fukamizu,Stefan Schreiber,Hans Clevers,François Verrey,Philip Rosenstiel,Josef M. Penninger +21 more
TL;DR: The results identify ACE2 as a key regulator of dietary amino acid homeostasis, innate immunity, gut microbial ecology, and transmissible susceptibility to colitis, providing a molecular explanation for how amino acid malnutrition can cause intestinal inflammation and diarrhoea.