Journal ArticleDOI
Human rabies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management
Thiravat Hemachudha,Gabriella Ugolini,Supaporn Wacharapluesadee,Witaya Sungkarat,Shanop Shuangshoti,Jiraporn Laothamatas +5 more
TLDR
The shorter survival of patients with furious rabies compared with those with paralytic rabies closely corresponds to the greater amount of virus and lower immune response in the CNS of Patients with the furious form.Abstract:
Rabies is an almost invariably fatal disease that can present as classic furious rabies or paralytic rabies. Recovery has been reported in only a few patients, most of whom were infected with bat rabies virus variants, and has been associated with promptness of host immune response and spontaneous (immune) virus clearance. Viral mechanisms that have evolved to minimise damage to the CNS but enable the virus to spread might explain why survivors have overall good functional recovery. The shorter survival of patients with furious rabies compared with those with paralytic rabies closely corresponds to the greater amount of virus and lower immune response in the CNS of patients with the furious form. Rabies virus is present in the CNS long before symptom onset: subclinical anterior horn cell dysfunction and abnormal brain MRI in patients with furious rabies are evident days before brain symptoms develop. How the virus produces its devastating effects and how it selectively impairs behaviour in patients with furious rabies and the peripheral nerves of patients with paralytic rabies is beginning to be understood. However, to develop a pragmatic treatment strategy, a thorough understanding of the neuropathogenetic mechanisms is needed.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Current status of rabies and prospects for elimination.
Anthony R. Fooks,Ashley C. Banyard,Daniel L. Horton,Nicholas Johnson,Lorraine M. McElhinney,Lorraine M. McElhinney,Alan Jackson +6 more
TL;DR: The most cost-effective approach to elimination of the global burden of human rabies is to control canine rabies rather than expansion of the availability of human prophylaxis.
Journal ArticleDOI
The olfactory nerve: a shortcut for influenza and other viral diseases into the central nervous system.
TL;DR: Viral infection of the CNS can lead to damage from infection of nerve cells per se, from the immune response, or from a combination of both, and clinical consequences range from nervous dysfunction in the absence of histopathological changes to severe meningoencephalitis and neurodegenerative disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Neurotropic virus infections as the cause of immediate and delayed neuropathology.
Martin Ludlow,Jeroen Kortekaas,Christiane Herden,Bernd Hoffmann,Dennis Tappe,Corinna Trebst,Diane E. Griffin,Hannah Brindle,Tom Solomon,Alan S. Brown,Debby van Riel,Katja C. Wolthers,Dasja Pajkrt,Peter Wohlsein,Byron E. E. Martina,Wolfgang Baumgärtner,Georges M. G. M. Verjans,Georges M. G. M. Verjans,Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus,Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus +19 more
TL;DR: Mechanisms that govern neuropathogenesis and immunopathogenesis of viral infections are highlighted, using examples of well-studied virus infections that are associated with these alterations in different populations throughout the world.
Journal ArticleDOI
Emerging and Reemerging Neglected Tropical Diseases: a Review of Key Characteristics, Risk Factors, and the Policy and Innovation Environment
TL;DR: This review sets out to identify emerging and reemerging neglected tropical diseases and explore the policy and innovation environment that could hamper or enable control efforts and raise awareness and guide potential approaches to addressing this global health concern.
Journal ArticleDOI
The spread and evolution of rabies virus: conquering new frontiers.
TL;DR: This Review focuses on rabies virus infections in the wildlife and synthesizes current knowledge in the rapidly advancing fields of rabiesirus epidemiology and evolution, and advocate for multidisciplinary approaches to advance understanding of this disease.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Rabies Virus Infection of Primary Neuronal Cultures and Adult Mice: Failure To Demonstrate Evidence of Excitotoxicity
TL;DR: No supportive evidence is found that excitotoxicity plays an important role in rabies virus infection and the NMDA (N-methyl-d-aspartate acid) antagonists ketamine and MK-801 were found to have no significant neuroprotective effect on CVS-infected neurons.
Journal ArticleDOI
Failure of Rabies Postexposure Prophylaxis In Patients Presenting with Unusual Manifestations
Prapimporn Shantavasinkul,Terapong Tantawichien,Terapong Tantawichien,Supaporn Wacharapluesadee,Anuruck Jeamanukoolkit,Piyada Udomchaisakul,Pairoj Chattranukulchai,Patarapha Wongsaroj,Pakamatz Khawplod,Henry Wilde,Henry Wilde,Thiravat Hemachudha,Thiravat Hemachudha +12 more
TL;DR: An atypical case of paralytic rabies presenting with trismus followed by limb weakness, areflexia, ophthalmoparesis, and bilateral ptosis is reported.
Book ChapterDOI
Therapy of Human Rabies
TL;DR: More basic research is needed on the mechanisms involved in rabies pathogenesis, which will hopefully facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches in the future for this ancient disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Role of Apoptosis in Rabies Viral Encephalitis: A Comparative Study in Mice, Canine, and Human Brain with a Review of Literature
TL;DR: Postmortem brain tissue from nine humans, six canines infected with street rabies virus, and Swiss albino mice inoculated intramuscularly and intracerebrally with street and CVS strains showed absence of neuronal apoptosis in wild-type rabies, which may facilitate intraneuronal survival and replication and prevent elimination of the virus by abrogation of host inflammatory response.
Journal ArticleDOI
Immunological and regulatory functions of uninfected and virus infected immature and mature subtypes of dendritic cells--a review.
TL;DR: The origin of both follicular DCs that are present in lymphoid tissues and thymic DCs are discussed, and the modulation of DC gene expression in response to the influenza virus is presented.
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