Journal ArticleDOI
Human rabies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management
Thiravat Hemachudha,Gabriella Ugolini,Supaporn Wacharapluesadee,Witaya Sungkarat,Shanop Shuangshoti,Jiraporn Laothamatas +5 more
TLDR
The shorter survival of patients with furious rabies compared with those with paralytic rabies closely corresponds to the greater amount of virus and lower immune response in the CNS of Patients with the furious form.Abstract:
Rabies is an almost invariably fatal disease that can present as classic furious rabies or paralytic rabies. Recovery has been reported in only a few patients, most of whom were infected with bat rabies virus variants, and has been associated with promptness of host immune response and spontaneous (immune) virus clearance. Viral mechanisms that have evolved to minimise damage to the CNS but enable the virus to spread might explain why survivors have overall good functional recovery. The shorter survival of patients with furious rabies compared with those with paralytic rabies closely corresponds to the greater amount of virus and lower immune response in the CNS of patients with the furious form. Rabies virus is present in the CNS long before symptom onset: subclinical anterior horn cell dysfunction and abnormal brain MRI in patients with furious rabies are evident days before brain symptoms develop. How the virus produces its devastating effects and how it selectively impairs behaviour in patients with furious rabies and the peripheral nerves of patients with paralytic rabies is beginning to be understood. However, to develop a pragmatic treatment strategy, a thorough understanding of the neuropathogenetic mechanisms is needed.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Current status of rabies and prospects for elimination.
Anthony R. Fooks,Ashley C. Banyard,Daniel L. Horton,Nicholas Johnson,Lorraine M. McElhinney,Lorraine M. McElhinney,Alan Jackson +6 more
TL;DR: The most cost-effective approach to elimination of the global burden of human rabies is to control canine rabies rather than expansion of the availability of human prophylaxis.
Journal ArticleDOI
The olfactory nerve: a shortcut for influenza and other viral diseases into the central nervous system.
TL;DR: Viral infection of the CNS can lead to damage from infection of nerve cells per se, from the immune response, or from a combination of both, and clinical consequences range from nervous dysfunction in the absence of histopathological changes to severe meningoencephalitis and neurodegenerative disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Neurotropic virus infections as the cause of immediate and delayed neuropathology.
Martin Ludlow,Jeroen Kortekaas,Christiane Herden,Bernd Hoffmann,Dennis Tappe,Corinna Trebst,Diane E. Griffin,Hannah Brindle,Tom Solomon,Alan S. Brown,Debby van Riel,Katja C. Wolthers,Dasja Pajkrt,Peter Wohlsein,Byron E. E. Martina,Wolfgang Baumgärtner,Georges M. G. M. Verjans,Georges M. G. M. Verjans,Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus,Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus +19 more
TL;DR: Mechanisms that govern neuropathogenesis and immunopathogenesis of viral infections are highlighted, using examples of well-studied virus infections that are associated with these alterations in different populations throughout the world.
Journal ArticleDOI
Emerging and Reemerging Neglected Tropical Diseases: a Review of Key Characteristics, Risk Factors, and the Policy and Innovation Environment
TL;DR: This review sets out to identify emerging and reemerging neglected tropical diseases and explore the policy and innovation environment that could hamper or enable control efforts and raise awareness and guide potential approaches to addressing this global health concern.
Journal ArticleDOI
The spread and evolution of rabies virus: conquering new frontiers.
TL;DR: This Review focuses on rabies virus infections in the wildlife and synthesizes current knowledge in the rapidly advancing fields of rabiesirus epidemiology and evolution, and advocate for multidisciplinary approaches to advance understanding of this disease.
References
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Book ChapterDOI
Role of Oxidative Stress in Rabies Virus Infection
TL;DR: It is postulate that rabies virus infection likely induces mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in oxidative stress and degenerative changes involving neuronal processes that may prove helpful in the design of future therapeutic effects for this dreaded ancient disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Immune activation in human rabies
Thiravat Hemachudha,Thiravat Hemachudha,Taweeporn Panpanich,Praphan Phanuphak,Praphan Phanuphak,Sathaporn Manatsathit,Henry Wilde,Henry Wilde +7 more
TL;DR: Serum cytokines were compared by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay among patients with rabies and patients with non-fatal encephalitis due to other viruses to suggest defects in immune responsiveness in paralytic rabies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Role of Nuclear Factor-κB in Oxidative Stress Associated with Rabies Virus Infection of Adult Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons
TL;DR: Cultured adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurons infected with the challenge virus standard-11 strain of rabies virus (CVS) showed axonal swellings and immunostaining for 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), indicating evidence of lipid peroxidation associated with oxidative stress and reduced axonal growth compared to that of mock-infected DRG neurons.
Journal Article
Generalised cranial artery spasm in human rabies.
Rodney E. Willoughby,Arup Roy-Burman,Kenneth W. Martin,J. C. Christensen,D. F. Westenkirschner,J. D. Fleck,Carol A. Glaser,K. Hyland,Charles E. Rupprecht +8 more
TL;DR: Cerebral artery vasospasm occurred in the two children with rabies, but was clinically silent by standard monitoring, and responded to drugs directed at the NOS pathway.
Journal Article
Human rabies - Minnesota, 2007
Alan Howe Yee,R. T. Merrell,Alexander Y. Zubkov,A. J. Aksamit,W. T. Hu,Edward M. Manno,Joni M. Scheftel,Aaron S. DeVries,David F. Neitzel,Richard Danila,Kirk E. Smith,Charles E. Rupprecht,Stacy Holzbauer +12 more
TL;DR: The findings underscore the need for early inclusion of rabies in the differential diagnosis of rapidly progressive encephalitis, improved public awareness of the risks associated with animal bites, and appropriate rabies prophylaxis after exposure.
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