Journal ArticleDOI
Human rabies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management
Thiravat Hemachudha,Gabriella Ugolini,Supaporn Wacharapluesadee,Witaya Sungkarat,Shanop Shuangshoti,Jiraporn Laothamatas +5 more
TLDR
The shorter survival of patients with furious rabies compared with those with paralytic rabies closely corresponds to the greater amount of virus and lower immune response in the CNS of Patients with the furious form.Abstract:
Rabies is an almost invariably fatal disease that can present as classic furious rabies or paralytic rabies. Recovery has been reported in only a few patients, most of whom were infected with bat rabies virus variants, and has been associated with promptness of host immune response and spontaneous (immune) virus clearance. Viral mechanisms that have evolved to minimise damage to the CNS but enable the virus to spread might explain why survivors have overall good functional recovery. The shorter survival of patients with furious rabies compared with those with paralytic rabies closely corresponds to the greater amount of virus and lower immune response in the CNS of patients with the furious form. Rabies virus is present in the CNS long before symptom onset: subclinical anterior horn cell dysfunction and abnormal brain MRI in patients with furious rabies are evident days before brain symptoms develop. How the virus produces its devastating effects and how it selectively impairs behaviour in patients with furious rabies and the peripheral nerves of patients with paralytic rabies is beginning to be understood. However, to develop a pragmatic treatment strategy, a thorough understanding of the neuropathogenetic mechanisms is needed.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Current status of rabies and prospects for elimination.
Anthony R. Fooks,Ashley C. Banyard,Daniel L. Horton,Nicholas Johnson,Lorraine M. McElhinney,Lorraine M. McElhinney,Alan Jackson +6 more
TL;DR: The most cost-effective approach to elimination of the global burden of human rabies is to control canine rabies rather than expansion of the availability of human prophylaxis.
Journal ArticleDOI
The olfactory nerve: a shortcut for influenza and other viral diseases into the central nervous system.
TL;DR: Viral infection of the CNS can lead to damage from infection of nerve cells per se, from the immune response, or from a combination of both, and clinical consequences range from nervous dysfunction in the absence of histopathological changes to severe meningoencephalitis and neurodegenerative disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Neurotropic virus infections as the cause of immediate and delayed neuropathology.
Martin Ludlow,Jeroen Kortekaas,Christiane Herden,Bernd Hoffmann,Dennis Tappe,Corinna Trebst,Diane E. Griffin,Hannah Brindle,Tom Solomon,Alan S. Brown,Debby van Riel,Katja C. Wolthers,Dasja Pajkrt,Peter Wohlsein,Byron E. E. Martina,Wolfgang Baumgärtner,Georges M. G. M. Verjans,Georges M. G. M. Verjans,Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus,Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus +19 more
TL;DR: Mechanisms that govern neuropathogenesis and immunopathogenesis of viral infections are highlighted, using examples of well-studied virus infections that are associated with these alterations in different populations throughout the world.
Journal ArticleDOI
Emerging and Reemerging Neglected Tropical Diseases: a Review of Key Characteristics, Risk Factors, and the Policy and Innovation Environment
TL;DR: This review sets out to identify emerging and reemerging neglected tropical diseases and explore the policy and innovation environment that could hamper or enable control efforts and raise awareness and guide potential approaches to addressing this global health concern.
Journal ArticleDOI
The spread and evolution of rabies virus: conquering new frontiers.
TL;DR: This Review focuses on rabies virus infections in the wildlife and synthesizes current knowledge in the rapidly advancing fields of rabiesirus epidemiology and evolution, and advocate for multidisciplinary approaches to advance understanding of this disease.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Effective preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis of rabies with a highly attenuated recombinant rabies virus
Milosz Faber,Jianwei Li,Rhonda B. Kean,D. Craig Hooper,Kishore R. Alugupalli,Bernhard Dietzschold +5 more
TL;DR: The lack of pathogenicity together with excellent immunogenicity and the capacity to deliver immune effectors to CNS tissues makes SPBAANGAS-Gas-GAS a promising vaccine candidate for both the preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis of rabies.
Journal ArticleDOI
The long incubation period in rabies : delayed progression of infection in muscle at the site of exposure
TL;DR: A major role of muscle (tissue) infection at the inoculation site in the long incubation period of rabies in skunks is indicated, which will be useful in rabies control and, if applicable to other species, will be relevant in postexposure treatment.
Journal ArticleDOI
Structural Abnormalities in Neurons Are Sufficient To Explain the Clinical Disease and Fatal Outcome of Experimental Rabies in Yellow Fluorescent Protein-Expressing Transgenic Mice
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of rabies virus infection on the structure of neurons were investigated with experimentally infected transgenic mice expressing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in neuronal subpopulations.
Journal ArticleDOI
Management and outcomes after multiple corneal and solid organ transplantations from a donor infected with rabies virus.
Tanja Maier,A. Schwarting,D. Mauer,R.S. Ross,Andreas Martens,V. Kliem,J. Wahl,Marcus Panning,Sigrid Baumgarte,Thomas Müller,Susanne Pfefferle,H. Ebel,Jan Schmidt,K. Tenner-Racz,Paul Racz,M. Schmid,Martin Strüber,B. Wolters,Daniel Gotthardt,F. Bitz,L. Frisch,Norbert Pfeiffer,Helmut Fickenscher,Peter Sauer,Charles E. Rupprecht,Michael Roggendorf,Axel Haverich,Peter R. Galle,J. Hoyer,Christian Drosten +29 more
TL;DR: This report includes, to the authors' knowledge, the longest documented treatment course of symptomatic rabies and the first time that the virus concentration was measured over time and in different body compartments.
Journal ArticleDOI
Expression of Toll-like receptor 3 in the human cerebellar cortex in rabies, herpes simplex encephalitis, and other neurological diseases
TL;DR: This study has provided evidence that human brain neurons can express TLR-3 in vivo and suggests that neurons may play an important role in initiating an inflammatory reaction in a variety of neurological diseases.
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