Journal ArticleDOI
Human rabies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management
Thiravat Hemachudha,Gabriella Ugolini,Supaporn Wacharapluesadee,Witaya Sungkarat,Shanop Shuangshoti,Jiraporn Laothamatas +5 more
TLDR
The shorter survival of patients with furious rabies compared with those with paralytic rabies closely corresponds to the greater amount of virus and lower immune response in the CNS of Patients with the furious form.Abstract:
Rabies is an almost invariably fatal disease that can present as classic furious rabies or paralytic rabies. Recovery has been reported in only a few patients, most of whom were infected with bat rabies virus variants, and has been associated with promptness of host immune response and spontaneous (immune) virus clearance. Viral mechanisms that have evolved to minimise damage to the CNS but enable the virus to spread might explain why survivors have overall good functional recovery. The shorter survival of patients with furious rabies compared with those with paralytic rabies closely corresponds to the greater amount of virus and lower immune response in the CNS of patients with the furious form. Rabies virus is present in the CNS long before symptom onset: subclinical anterior horn cell dysfunction and abnormal brain MRI in patients with furious rabies are evident days before brain symptoms develop. How the virus produces its devastating effects and how it selectively impairs behaviour in patients with furious rabies and the peripheral nerves of patients with paralytic rabies is beginning to be understood. However, to develop a pragmatic treatment strategy, a thorough understanding of the neuropathogenetic mechanisms is needed.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Current status of rabies and prospects for elimination.
Anthony R. Fooks,Ashley C. Banyard,Daniel L. Horton,Nicholas Johnson,Lorraine M. McElhinney,Lorraine M. McElhinney,Alan Jackson +6 more
TL;DR: The most cost-effective approach to elimination of the global burden of human rabies is to control canine rabies rather than expansion of the availability of human prophylaxis.
Journal ArticleDOI
The olfactory nerve: a shortcut for influenza and other viral diseases into the central nervous system.
TL;DR: Viral infection of the CNS can lead to damage from infection of nerve cells per se, from the immune response, or from a combination of both, and clinical consequences range from nervous dysfunction in the absence of histopathological changes to severe meningoencephalitis and neurodegenerative disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Neurotropic virus infections as the cause of immediate and delayed neuropathology.
Martin Ludlow,Jeroen Kortekaas,Christiane Herden,Bernd Hoffmann,Dennis Tappe,Corinna Trebst,Diane E. Griffin,Hannah Brindle,Tom Solomon,Alan S. Brown,Debby van Riel,Katja C. Wolthers,Dasja Pajkrt,Peter Wohlsein,Byron E. E. Martina,Wolfgang Baumgärtner,Georges M. G. M. Verjans,Georges M. G. M. Verjans,Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus,Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus +19 more
TL;DR: Mechanisms that govern neuropathogenesis and immunopathogenesis of viral infections are highlighted, using examples of well-studied virus infections that are associated with these alterations in different populations throughout the world.
Journal ArticleDOI
Emerging and Reemerging Neglected Tropical Diseases: a Review of Key Characteristics, Risk Factors, and the Policy and Innovation Environment
TL;DR: This review sets out to identify emerging and reemerging neglected tropical diseases and explore the policy and innovation environment that could hamper or enable control efforts and raise awareness and guide potential approaches to addressing this global health concern.
Journal ArticleDOI
The spread and evolution of rabies virus: conquering new frontiers.
TL;DR: This Review focuses on rabies virus infections in the wildlife and synthesizes current knowledge in the rapidly advancing fields of rabiesirus epidemiology and evolution, and advocate for multidisciplinary approaches to advance understanding of this disease.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
“Early death” and the contraindication of vaccine during treatment of rabies
TL;DR: Survival analyses of the original animal data confirm that administration of rabies vaccine or rabies immune globulin during symptomatic rabies is ineffective, whereas analyses of human case reports and the Milwaukee Protocol registry suggest lower risk of "early death" in humans.
Journal ArticleDOI
Comprehensive proteome analysis of hippocampus, brainstem, and spinal cord from paralytic and furious dogs naturally infected with rabies.
Natthapaninee Thanomsridetchai,Nilubon Singhto,Veera Tepsumethanon,Shanop Shuangshoti,Supaporn Wacharapluesadee,Supachok Sinchaikul,Shui-Tein Chen,Thiravat Hemachudha,Visith Thongboonkerd +8 more
TL;DR: A large data set of changes in proteomes of the hippocampus, brainstem and spinal cord in dogs naturally infected with rabies is reported for the first time, useful for better understanding of molecular mechanisms of rabies and for differentiation of its paralytic and furious forms.
Journal ArticleDOI
In situ apoptosis of adaptive immune cells and the cellular escape of rabies virus in CNS from patients with human rabies transmitted by Desmodus rotundus.
Elaine Raniero Fernandes,Heitor Franco de Andrade,C L P Lancellotti,Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma,Samia Demachki,Pedro Fernando da Costa Vasconcelos,Maria Irma Seixas Duarte +6 more
TL;DR: There were very few apoptotic neurons present in infected tissue samples, but there was an increase of apoptotic infiltrating CD4+ and TCD8+ adaptive immune cells in the rabies infected tissue.
Journal ArticleDOI
Basis of rabies virus neurovirulence in mice: expression of major histocompatibility complex class I and class II mRNAs.
TL;DR: It is suggested that recovery from avirulent rabies virus infection of neural cells involves T helper cells produced and/or retained in the brain for reasons that are not entirely clear.
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