Journal ArticleDOI
Human rabies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management
Thiravat Hemachudha,Gabriella Ugolini,Supaporn Wacharapluesadee,Witaya Sungkarat,Shanop Shuangshoti,Jiraporn Laothamatas +5 more
TLDR
The shorter survival of patients with furious rabies compared with those with paralytic rabies closely corresponds to the greater amount of virus and lower immune response in the CNS of Patients with the furious form.Abstract:
Rabies is an almost invariably fatal disease that can present as classic furious rabies or paralytic rabies. Recovery has been reported in only a few patients, most of whom were infected with bat rabies virus variants, and has been associated with promptness of host immune response and spontaneous (immune) virus clearance. Viral mechanisms that have evolved to minimise damage to the CNS but enable the virus to spread might explain why survivors have overall good functional recovery. The shorter survival of patients with furious rabies compared with those with paralytic rabies closely corresponds to the greater amount of virus and lower immune response in the CNS of patients with the furious form. Rabies virus is present in the CNS long before symptom onset: subclinical anterior horn cell dysfunction and abnormal brain MRI in patients with furious rabies are evident days before brain symptoms develop. How the virus produces its devastating effects and how it selectively impairs behaviour in patients with furious rabies and the peripheral nerves of patients with paralytic rabies is beginning to be understood. However, to develop a pragmatic treatment strategy, a thorough understanding of the neuropathogenetic mechanisms is needed.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Current status of rabies and prospects for elimination.
Anthony R. Fooks,Ashley C. Banyard,Daniel L. Horton,Nicholas Johnson,Lorraine M. McElhinney,Lorraine M. McElhinney,Alan Jackson +6 more
TL;DR: The most cost-effective approach to elimination of the global burden of human rabies is to control canine rabies rather than expansion of the availability of human prophylaxis.
Journal ArticleDOI
The olfactory nerve: a shortcut for influenza and other viral diseases into the central nervous system.
TL;DR: Viral infection of the CNS can lead to damage from infection of nerve cells per se, from the immune response, or from a combination of both, and clinical consequences range from nervous dysfunction in the absence of histopathological changes to severe meningoencephalitis and neurodegenerative disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Neurotropic virus infections as the cause of immediate and delayed neuropathology.
Martin Ludlow,Jeroen Kortekaas,Christiane Herden,Bernd Hoffmann,Dennis Tappe,Corinna Trebst,Diane E. Griffin,Hannah Brindle,Tom Solomon,Alan S. Brown,Debby van Riel,Katja C. Wolthers,Dasja Pajkrt,Peter Wohlsein,Byron E. E. Martina,Wolfgang Baumgärtner,Georges M. G. M. Verjans,Georges M. G. M. Verjans,Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus,Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus +19 more
TL;DR: Mechanisms that govern neuropathogenesis and immunopathogenesis of viral infections are highlighted, using examples of well-studied virus infections that are associated with these alterations in different populations throughout the world.
Journal ArticleDOI
Emerging and Reemerging Neglected Tropical Diseases: a Review of Key Characteristics, Risk Factors, and the Policy and Innovation Environment
TL;DR: This review sets out to identify emerging and reemerging neglected tropical diseases and explore the policy and innovation environment that could hamper or enable control efforts and raise awareness and guide potential approaches to addressing this global health concern.
Journal ArticleDOI
The spread and evolution of rabies virus: conquering new frontiers.
TL;DR: This Review focuses on rabies virus infections in the wildlife and synthesizes current knowledge in the rapidly advancing fields of rabiesirus epidemiology and evolution, and advocate for multidisciplinary approaches to advance understanding of this disease.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Sequence Analysis of Rabies Virus in Humans Exhibiting Encephalitic or Paralytic Rabies
Thiravat Hemachudha,Supaporn Wacharapluesadee,Boonlert Lumlertdaecha,Lillian A. Orciari,Charles E. Rupprecht,Molruedee La-ongpant,Sasiwimon Juntrakul,Jessada Denduangboripant +7 more
TL;DR: Findings support the concept that clinical manifestations of rabies are not explained solely by the associated rabies virus variant.
Book ChapterDOI
Neuroimaging in Rabies
TL;DR: MRI disturbances were similar in both forms (furious or paralytic) in human rabies; however, they were more pronounced in paralytic than in furious rabies virus-infected dogs in which examination was done early in the disease course.
Journal ArticleDOI
Convergence of sensory processes from the heart and left ulnar nerve onto a single afferent perikaryon: a neuroanatomical study in the rat employing fluorescent tracers.
TL;DR: Results suggest that sensory neurons with dichotomizing somatic and visceral peripheral processes may also contribute to the referral of pain of cardiac origin to the medial left arm.
Journal ArticleDOI
High CRMP2 expression in peripheral T lymphocytes is associated with recruitment to the brain during virus-induced neuroinflammation.
Carine Vuaillat,M. Varrin-Doyer,M. Varrin-Doyer,Arlette Bernard,Arlette Bernard,I. Sagardoy,I. Sagardoy,Sylvie Cavagna,Sylvie Cavagna,I. Chounlamountri,I. Chounlamountri,Monique Lafon,Pascale Giraudon,Pascale Giraudon +13 more
TL;DR: A sub-population of early-activated CD69+CD3+ T lymphocytes highly expressing CRMP2 (CRMP2hi) peaked in the blood, lymph nodes and brain of mice infected with neurotropic viruses, and correlated with severity of disease, pointing out the potential use of CRMP 2 as a peripheral indicator of neuroinflammation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Human immune response to rabies nucleocapsid and glycoprotein antigens.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the process of immune recognition and of antibody development in human rabies is more likely to occur early in the pre‐clinical phase, and that reactivity to N protein may be crucial for elicitation of neutralizing antibody.
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