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On the european union
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In this article, the authors examined the patterns and effects of departmental oversight across 28 ministries in Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia in relation to transposition planning, legal review and monitoring of deadlines.Abstract:
The extent to which member states transpose EU directives in a timely fashion is often argued to be strongly associated with the general effectiveness of national bureaucracies. But what kind of institutional solutions ensure better performance? This paper examines the patterns and effects of departmental oversight across 28 ministries in Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia. In mapping the strength of oversight, it relies on around 90 structured interviews regarding the rules-in-use on transposition planning, legal review and monitoring of deadlines. The analysis of the impact of departmental oversight is based on an original dataset of over 300 directives with transposition deadlines between January 2005 and December 2008.read more
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Exposure of the U.S. population to bisphenol A and 4-tertiary-octylphenol: 2003-2004
TL;DR: Urine concentrations of total BPA differed by race/ethnicity, age, sex, and household income, and these first U.S. population representative concentration data for urinary BPA and tOP should help guide public health research priorities.
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A Survey on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Toward Medical XAI
Erico Tjoa,Cuntai Guan +1 more
TL;DR: A review on interpretabilities suggested by different research works and categorize them is provided, hoping that insight into interpretability will be born with more considerations for medical practices and initiatives to push forward data-based, mathematically grounded, and technically grounded medical education are encouraged.
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A 'business opportunity' model of corporate social responsibility for small- and medium-sized enterprises
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors use case studies of UK SMEs from a range of sectors to explore the numerous CSR opportunities that present themselves to SMEs, such as developing innovative products and services, serving unserved markets and building new business models.
The Global E-waste Monitor 2014: Quantities, flows and resources
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the first comprehensive assessment of e-waste volumes, their corresponding impacts and management status on a global scale using an internationally-adopted measuring framework that has been developed by the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development.
References
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THEORIZING THE EUROPEAN UNION: International Organization, Domestic Polity, or Experiment in New Governance?
TL;DR: The study of the European Union (EU) has been transformed during the past decade, and three distinct theoretical approaches have emerged as discussed by the authors, which largely abandoned the long-standing neofunctionalist-intergovernmentalist debate in favor of a rationalist-constructivist debate reflecting broader developments in international relations theory.
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Asthma, the sex difference.
TL;DR: Women are more likely to be diagnosed with asthma and suffer greater morbidity than men and understanding sex-related differences in asthma and providing patients with education geared toward these disparities are important in establishing effective, individualized asthma management strategies for all patients.
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Stroke Units in Their Natural Habitat. Systematic Review of Observational Studies
TL;DR: Although these results are complicated by potential bias and heterogeneity, the observed benefit associated with stroke unit care in routine practice is comparable to that in clinical trials.
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Early kidney damage in a population exposed to cadmium and other heavy metals.
TL;DR: The dose–response relationship between U-Cd levels and prevalence of U-NAG above the reference value support the need for measures to reduce environmental Cd exposure.
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Changing incidence of anal sphincter tears in four Nordic countries through the last decades
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the frequency of anal sphincter rupture among the four Nordic countries, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland, and discussed the possible reasons for the development.