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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Cholangiocarcinoma

Sumera Rizvi, +1 more
- 01 Dec 2013 - 
- Vol. 145, Iss: 6, pp 1215-1229
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TLDR
A better understanding of the imaging characteristics of iCCAs is gained and advanced cytologic techniques to detect pCCAs are developed, along with advances in classification, diagnosis, and treatment.
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This article is published in Gastroenterology.The article was published on 2013-12-01 and is currently open access. It has received 930 citations till now.

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Chronic inflammation and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment.

TL;DR: The role of these cytokines in important events of carcinogenesis, such as their capacity to generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, their potential mutagenic effect, and their involvement in mechanisms for epithelial mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, and metastasis are explored.
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Cholangiocarcinoma — evolving concepts and therapeutic strategies

TL;DR: Advances in comprehensive whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing have defined the genetic landscape of each cholangiocarcinoma subtype, and promising molecular targets for precision medicine have been identified, and are being evaluated in clinical trials, including those exploring immunotherapy.
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Genomic spectra of biliary tract cancer

TL;DR: The subgroup with the poorest prognosis had significant enrichment of hypermutated tumors and a characteristic elevation in the expression of immune checkpoint molecules, suggesting immune-modulating therapies might also be potentially promising options for these patients.
References
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Periostin promotes invasiveness and resistance of pancreatic cancer cells to hypoxia-induced cell death: role of the beta4 integrin and the PI3k pathway.

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that periostin promotes the invasiveness of tumour cells by increasing the motility of cells without inducing expression of proteases, and enhances the survival of tumours exposed to hypoxic conditions.
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Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma can arise from Notch-mediated conversion of hepatocytes

TL;DR: The studies reveal that ICC is generated by biliary lineage cells derived from hepatocytes, rather than cholangiocytes, and found that Notch activation is critical for hepatocyte conversion into biliary dynasty cells during the onset of ICC and its subsequent malignancy and progression.
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Histological diversity in cholangiocellular carcinoma reflects the different cholangiocyte phenotypes

TL;DR: Muc‐ICCs had a clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular profile similar to that of hilar CCs (from mucin‐producing cholangiocytes), whereas mixed‐ICC had a profile similarto that of CLCs (thought to be of HPC origin), possibly reflecting their respective cells of origin.
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Oxysterols are allosteric activators of the oncoprotein Smoothened

TL;DR: This work synthesized the enantiomer and an epimer of the most potent oxysterol, 20(S)-hydroxycholesterol, and shows that the effects of oxysterols on Hedgehog signaling are exquisitely stereoselective, consistent with their function through a specific protein target.
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New staging system and a registry for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma

TL;DR: A new system reporting the size of the tumor, the extent of the disease in the biliary system, the involvement of the hepatic artery and portal vein, the involved of lymph nodes, distant metastases, and the volume of the putative remnant liver after resection is designed.
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