The epidemiology of subclinical malaria infections in South-East Asia: findings from cross-sectional surveys in Thailand–Myanmar border areas, Cambodia, and Vietnam
Mallika Imwong,Thuy Nguyen,Rupam Tripura,Thomas J. Peto,Sue J. Lee,Sue J. Lee,Khin Maung Lwin,Preyanan Suangkanarat,Atthanee Jeeyapant,Benchawan Vihokhern,Klanarong Wongsaen,Dao Van Hue,Le Thanh Dong,Tam-Uyen Nguyen,Yoel Lubell,Lorenz von Seidlein,Lorenz von Seidlein,Mehul Dhorda,Cholrawee Promnarate,Georges Snounou,Georges Snounou,Benoit Malleret,Benoit Malleret,Laurent Rénia,Lilly Keereecharoen,Pratap Singhasivanon,Pasathorn Sirithiranont,Jem Chalk,Chea Nguon,Tran Tinh Hien,Tran Tinh Hien,Nicholas P. J. Day,Nicholas P. J. Day,Nicholas J. White,Nicholas J. White,Arjen M. Dondorp,Arjen M. Dondorp,François Nosten,François Nosten +38 more
TLDR
The asymptomatic Plasmodium reservoir is considerable, even in low transmission settings, and novel strategies are needed to eliminate this previously under recognized reservoir of malaria transmission.Abstract:
The importance of the submicroscopic reservoir of Plasmodium infections for malaria elimination depends on its size, which is generally considered small in low transmission settings. The precise estimation of this reservoir requires more sensitive parasite detection methods. The prevalence of asymptomatic, sub-microscopic malaria was assessed by a sensitive, high blood volume quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method in three countries of the Greater Mekong Sub-region.Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in three villages in western Cambodia, four villages along the Thailand-Myanmar border and four villages in southwest Vietnam. Malaria parasitaemia was assessed by Plasmodium falciparum/pan malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), microscopy and a high volume ultra-sensitive real-time polymerase chain reaction (HVUSqPCR: limit of detection 22 parasites/mL). All villagers older than 6 months were invited to participate.A census before the surveys identified 7355 residents in the study villages. Parasite prevalence was 224/5008 (4 %) by RDT, 229/5111 (5 %) by microscopy, and 988/4975 (20 %) when assessed by HVUSqPCR. Of these 164 (3 %) were infected with P. falciparum, 357 (7 %) with Plasmodium vivax, 56 (1 %) with a mixed infection, and 411 (8 %) had parasite densities that were too low for species identification. A history of fever, male sex, and age of 15 years or older were independently associated with parasitaemia in a multivariate regression model stratified by site.Light microscopy and RDTs identified only a quarter of all parasitaemic participants. The asymptomatic Plasmodium reservoir is considerable, even in low transmission settings. Novel strategies are needed to eliminate this previously under recognized reservoir of malaria transmission.read more
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The spread of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in the Greater Mekong subregion: a molecular epidemiology observational study
Mallika Imwong,Kanokon Suwannasin,Chanon Kunasol,Kreepol Sutawong,Mayfong Mayxay,Mayfong Mayxay,Huy Rekol,Frank Smithuis,Tin Maung Hlaing,Kyaw Myo Tun,Rob W. van der Pluijm,Rob W. van der Pluijm,Rupam Tripura,Olivo Miotto,Olivo Miotto,Didier Menard,Mehul Dhorda,Nicholas P. J. Day,Nicholas P. J. Day,Nicholas J. White,Nicholas J. White,Arjen M. Dondorp,Arjen M. Dondorp +22 more
TL;DR: The results suggest that the dominant artemisinin-resistant P falciparum C580Y lineage probably arose in western Cambodia and then spread to Thailand and Laos, outcompeting other parasites and acquiring piperaquine resistance.
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Sex and Gender Differences in the Outcomes of Vaccination over the Life Course.
TL;DR: The impact of sex and gender variables that should be considered in preclinical and clinical studies of vaccines are addressed.
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Global Epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax
Rosalind E. Howes,Katherine E. Battle,Kamini Mendis,David L. Smith,Richard E Cibulskis,J K Baird,Simon I. Hay +6 more
TL;DR: Without strategies accounting for P. vivax-specific characteristics, progress toward elimination of endemic malaria transmission will be substantially impeded.
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Anaemia and malaria
TL;DR: Prevention of malaria by vector control, deployment of insecticide-treated bed nets, prompt and accurate diagnosis of illness and appropriate use of effective anti-malarial drugs substantially reduces the burden of anaemia in tropical countries.
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Malaria in Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela: current challenges in malaria control and elimination
Judith Recht,André M. Siqueira,Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro,Sonia M. Herrera,Sócrates Herrera,Marcus V. G. Lacerda +5 more
TL;DR: Challenges to continuing efforts to further decrease malaria incidence in this region include a significant increase in malaria cases in recent years in Venezuela, evidence of submicroscopic and asymptomatic infections, peri-urban malaria, gold mining-related malaria, malaria in pregnancy, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and primaquine use, and possible under-detection of Plasmodium malariae.
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Evidence of Artemisinin-Resistant Malaria in Western Cambodia
TL;DR: Artemisinins are potent and rapidly acting antimalarial drugs, and their widespread use for treating patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria raises the question of emerging drug resistance.
Journal ArticleDOI
High sensitivity of detection of human malaria parasites by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction
Georges Snounou,S. Viriyakosol,Xin Ping Zhu,William Jarra,Lucilia Pinheiro,Virgílio E. do Rosário,Sodsri Thaithong,K. Neil Brown +7 more
TL;DR: This poster presents a probabilistic procedure to quantify the numbers of Gram-positive and Gram-negative parasites found in the blood of Malaria patients infected with E.coli.
World malaria report 2011
TL;DR: The World Health Organization (WHO) World Malaria Report 2021 estimates that there were 241 million malaria cases, including 627,000 deaths, worldwide in 2020, which represents around 14 million more cases, and 69,000 more deaths, than 2019.
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