The Many Faces of Enterococcus spp.-Commensal, Probiotic and Opportunistic Pathogen.
Beata Krawczyk,Paweł Wityk,Mirosława Gałęcka,Michał Michalik +3 more
- Vol. 9, Iss: 9, pp 1900
TLDR
In this paper, the authors discuss both the beneficial properties of these microorganisms and the risk factors related to their evolution towards pathogenicity, which is especially relevant in hospital environments, where enterococcal outbreaks often occur.Abstract:
Enterococcus spp. are Gram-positive, facultative, anaerobic cocci, which are found in the intestinal flora and, less frequently, in the vagina or mouth. Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium are the most common species found in humans. As commensals, enterococci colonize the digestive system and participate in the modulation of the immune system in humans and animals. For many years reference enterococcal strains have been used as probiotic food additives or have been recommended as supplements for the treatment of intestinal dysbiosis and other conditions. The use of Enterococcus strains as probiotics has recently become controversial due to the ease of acquiring different virulence factors and resistance to various classes of antibiotics. Enterococci are also seen as opportunistic pathogens. This problem is especially relevant in hospital environments, where enterococcal outbreaks often occur. Their ability to translocate from the gastro-intestinal tract to various tissues and organs as well as their virulence and antibiotic resistance are risk factors that hinder eradication. Due to numerous reports on the plasticity of the enterococcal genome and the acquisition of pathogenic microbial features, we ask ourselves, how far is this commensal genus from acquiring pathogenicity? This paper discusses both the beneficial properties of these microorganisms and the risk factors related to their evolution towards pathogenicity.read more
Citations
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Designing a novel multi-epitope vaccine to evoke a robust immune response against pathogenic multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacterium
Jyotirmayee Dey,Soumya Ranjan Mahapatra,Thayaillany Raj,Taranjeet Kaur,Parul Jain,Arushi Tiwari,Shubhransu Patro,Namrata Misra,Mrutyunjay Suar +8 more
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper designed a potent and novel prophylactic chimeric vaccine against E. faecium through an immunoinformatics approach The antigenic Penicillin-binding protein 5 (PBP 5) protein was selected to identify B and T cell epitopes, followed by conservancy analysis, population coverage, physiochemical assessment, secondary and tertiary structural analysis.
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Interactive Relationships between Intestinal Flora and Bile Acids
TL;DR: The digestive tract is replete with complex and diverse microbial communities that are important for the regulation of multiple pathophysiological processes in humans and animals, particularly those involved in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, immunity, inflammation, and tumorigenesis.
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Captivity and Animal Microbiomes: Potential Roles of Microbiota for Influencing Animal Conservation
Jason W. Dallas,Robin W. Warne +1 more
TL;DR: The microbiome is a critical component of animal physiology and its role in species conservation should be expanded and included in the repertoire of future management practices.
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Multiple perspectives reveal the gut toxicity of polystyrene microplastics on Eisenia fetida: Insights into community signatures of gut bacteria and their translocation.
Tongtong Li,Meng-Chang Lu,Bao-Hua Xu,Hao Chen,Jian Li,Zhenzhen Zhu,Mengwei Yu,Jiaoyang Zheng,Peilong Peng,Shijin J. Wu +9 more
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors investigated the effects of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) exposure on earthworms and found that PS-MP exposure caused gut barrier damage to Eisenia fetida.
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Microbiological Testing of Probiotic Preparations
TL;DR: The culture-dependent and culture-independent methods for testing the contents of probiotic microorganisms, in addition to biochemical and genetic methods of identification, are described, and the microbiological purity requirements for various product categories are presented.
References
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Carlotta De Filippo,Duccio Cavalieri,Monica Di Paola,Matteo Ramazzotti,Jean Baptiste Poullet,Sébastien Massart,Silvia Collini,Giuseppe Pieraccini,Paolo Lionetti +8 more
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Tetracycline Antibiotics: Mode of Action, Applications, Molecular Biology, and Epidemiology of Bacterial Resistance
Ian Chopra,Marilyn C. Roberts +1 more
TL;DR: Changing the use of tetracyclines in human and animal health as well as in food production is needed if this class of broad-spectrum antimicrobials through the present century is to continue to be used.
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Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics
Glenn R. Gibson,Robert W. Hutkins,Mary Ellen Sanders,Susan L. Prescott,Raylene A. Reimer,Seppo Salminen,Karen P. Scott,Catherine Stanton,Kelly S. Swanson,Patrice D. Cani,Kristin Verbeke,Gregor Reid +11 more
TL;DR: The goal of this Consensus Statement is to engender appropriate use of the term 'prebiotic' by relevant stakeholders so that consistency and clarity can be achieved in research reports, product marketing and regulatory oversight of the category.